Examples of Company Case Studies - 1356 Words

Case study KUB Case 1 LiFung sought to expand their business started on a small scale and expanding it more and more. They had the idea and they knew which products to sell. They started as a company that only exported goods to outside merchants from the location they we were in. However as they decided to go public, the group was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. By 1995, the group had expanded its customer base to Indian subcontinent, Caribbean basins and the Mediterranean. Its basic strategy rested in the fact that it attracted big companies like Avon, Tesco, Abercrombie Fitch to buy its products. Furthermore, when they started growing, they thought of outsourcing. This included bringing in different products from different places and producing at a different place. For instance, a product was made in Thailand only because of the labor and quota conditions that Thailand had. Its strategy became stronger when it began purchasing their rival companies such that there would be very little competitio n for them. StudioDirect.com is a smart idea that it allows the customers and the companies to shop from anywhere and at anytime. There are no restrictions such as contracts or timings that come in the way. The ability of the customer to see the product in different colors and designs further enhance the possibilities of the product and thus enhance the sale. It is good in a way that this is available for people all over the world. The sale is not limited to certainShow MoreRelated Rendell Company Case Study Essay examples956 Words   |  4 PagesRendell Company Case Study Executive Summary This report will give us a clear perspective as to what the optimal organizational structure that suits Rendell Company plus some additional control system in attaining the company’s main objectives. We will be also tackling the roles, functions and responsibilities of a controller in an organization. This case takes us into Rendell Company which is currently having problems between the corporate controller and the divisional controller. We assessedRead MoreMgt 615 Radio Shack- Company Case Study Essay examples1357 Words   |  6 Pages615 Radio Shack Case Page 1 of 5 Discussion Questions 1. Evaluate this situation from the view point of David Edmondson’s ethical leadership. What could Radio Shack have done differently? In this world some people want money and power. To gain these two things often people choose the wrong ways. David Edmondson is one of them, because he cheated on his resume. David Edmondson is a fraud that means he is not an ethical leader at all. Because of Edmondson’s cheating his company RadioShack facedRead MoreFacts and Information about Accounting1606 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral rules and concepts are referring to the basic accounting principles and guidelines. From the basic accounting principles and guidelines, there will affect the balance sheet, income statement and financial statements. Let us discuss to the case study â€Å"Smart Business†. â€Æ' 1.1 Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information Diagram 1 : Qualitative characteristics of accounting information Diagram 1 above is a hierarchy diagram that represents qualitative characteristics of accounting informationRead MoreA World Transformed By Social Technologies1004 Words   |  5 Pagesfor businesses that explains what social media is, how it is changing the way companies relate to consumers, and how it can be used to their advantage. The authors, Charlene Li and Josh Bernoff, both analysts for renowned Forrester Research, one of the most influential research and advisory firms in the world, spent a year researching, analyzing, and blogging about social technologies that are changing the way companies and consumers interact. Forrester’s insights are grounded in annual surveysRead MoreCauses and Effects from Case Studies Essay656 Words   |  3 Pagespicture on most of the causes and effects that are involved in the problem. Example 1 (DWTPCS2110613): In this case study of an Aircraft Manufacturing Company there was an issue regarding the delivery of the upper door to the final assembly. By applying different six sigma tools like Process mapping, Pareto chart they came to know that there was a problem in three different sectors of the company and the six sigma team of the company implemented cause and effect diagram to analyze the main root cause forRead MoreMcdonald Case Study771 Words   |  4 Pageshas to stay and continue its operation in Hong Kong. 1. Political †¢ Political parties and alignments at local, national and European or regional trading-bloc level. †¢ Example like on taxation and employment law. †¢ Government ownership of industry and attitude to monopolies and competition. †¢ To relate with case study: Ronald McDonald was opened by McDonalds in Asia in 1996 for the house welcomes families with critically ill children to stay at the house while the children are undergoingRead MoreA Report On The Procurement Process1475 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful in the field. The case study outlines two companies, the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply (CIPS) and OPITO, which provide training services to improve procurement practices in the oil and gas industry. The companies completed a survey of the oil and gas industry to identify areas that skill sets are deficient within the industry and are working together to develop specialized training to meet the needs of the oil and gas industry (Business Case Studies, 2016). CIPS is a professionalRead MoreImportance of Good Salespeople in a Company: The Joe Salatino Case Study1276 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿1. It is necessary that the Great American Northern company understand the importance of how people form perceptions and make attributions because customers opinions are formed through their interaction with the salesperson over the phone. The Joe Salatino case study reveals a boss whose company is highly successful while at the same time maintaining the potential for even more success. The case study certainly suggests that the company is hugely profitable: Salatino sells more than $20 millionRead MoreA Good Example Of Stakeholder Management1725 Words   |  7 PagesA GOOD EXAMPLE OF STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT Thompson (2013), states stakeholder engagement is an important discipline that successful people use to win support from others. Good leaders are disciplined in understanding all the stakeholders and this has a direct benefit on the organizations bottom-line. It takes a high level of engagement on the leaders’ part in order to make and maintain connects with internal and external stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a case study on WesternRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communication : Creative Strategy1461 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand and advertise companies. This paper will examine IMC utilizing three concepts from Robyn Blakeman’s text, Integrated Marketing Communication: Creative Strategy, juxtaposed to case studies from Applegate and Johnsen’s text, Cases in Adversiting Marketing Management, as well as tie in concepts from Michael Serazio’s, Your Ad Here, in order to create a detailed examination on IMC. This examination includes consi dering the functions of IMC in relation to a marketplace example to offer an analysis

Madness Free Essays

By definition, ‘madness’ correlates to one or something which is mad. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘mad’ as: â€Å"1. mentally deranged; insane. We will write a custom essay sample on Madness or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. senseless; foolish. 3. angry; resentful. 4. wildly enthusiastic (about) or fond (of). 5. extremely excited or confused; frantic. 6. wildly exuberant. 7. temporarily overpowered by violent reactions, emotions, etc.†[1] The word ‘mad’ has come to mean something as frivolous as over-excitement, or enthusiasm, to something as serious as a question of sanity. In today’s culture and society, madness has even been used as the moniker of a zany ska-pop band, and it is used in reference to a neurodegenerative disease in bovine – or Mad Cow Disease, but which came first: the emotion, or the level of sanity? When did it become readily acceptable that madness was not only a state of mind, but also a quantifier for enthusiasm? In order to understand the root of the term ‘madness’, we need to go back to its roots.   The word ‘mad’, according to dictionaries, is from before 900 A.D. and derives from Middle English vernacular for ‘madden’, and Old English ‘gemÇ £dan’, or to make mad; akin to mad, foolish.[2]   Even within the mid-centuries, the term signified a sense of foolhardy action, or senselessness. Perhaps it is this basis, and association with profound behavior which led the word to become synonymous with mental disorders. Literature often alludes to the cultural influences of an era. Many poets through the centuries have suggested that inspiration comes to them; that their works are often not their own, but those of a muse. According to Tracy K. Smith, one such poet, Federico Garcà ­a Lorca, believes that it is to the ‘duende’ which inspiration comes: â€Å"Unlike the Muse or Angel, which exist beyond or above the poet, the duende sleeps deep within the poet, and asks to be awakened and wrestled, often at great cost.†[3] This illusionary ‘demon’ is often how madness and mental disorders were diagnosed. In the early Middle Ages, possession and demonic pranksters were often considered the reason for madness, or early cases of schizophrenia. We have come along way, though, in learning and discovered that mental disorders may lead one into madness, but they are not caused by anger or emotion. The substitution of definition for ‘madness’ had become a readily acceptable practice by the 1300s; an era also known for the bubonic plague. Many medical doctors had come alongside playwrights and poets in the use of the term. Mental health asylums had become wide-spread institutions across Europe. This isn’t to say they didn’t exist prior, but in correlation to the use of language, it plays a strong significance that mental health and ‘going mad’ would be considered synonyms at this time. It is perhaps unsurprising that Dante’s Divine Comedy speaks of madness in similar ‘medical’ terms in Canto XXX: When vanish’d the two furious shades, on whom Mine eye was held, I turn’d it back to view The other cursed spirits[4] In this Canto, Dante witnesses ‘insanity’ as the punishment of those who chose to deceive throughout history and myth. Language is constantly changing and developing as the society which uses it continues to evolve and change. In this millennium, we have readily accepted the use of ‘madness’ to refer to foolish, excitable enthusiasm; as well as temporary insanity or related to anger. Originally, perhaps it is to be considered this was not always the case, with the term referring more to a senseless activity, or akin to a jester’s antics. In time, physical attributes of certain mental disorders have leaned the word towards references of questionable sanity. Coupled with the use for anger, it has developed into today’s known definition. BIBLIOGRAPHY _. Oxford English Dictionary Oxford UP., Standard Edition, 2000.    _. mad. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mad (accessed: September 15, 2007).    Alighieri, D., Canto XXX, The Divine Comedy. The Harvard Classics.   1909–14.   (available: http://www.bartleby.com/20/130.html )    Smith, Tracy, K., Survival in Two Worlds at Once: Federico Garcia Lorca and Duende The Academy of American Poets, 2007. (available at: http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5898 ) [1] Oxford English Dictionary, p.793-794 [2] mad. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mad (accessed: September 15, 2007). [3] The Spanish poet, Federico Garcà ­a Lorca, named the keeper of that space the duende—daemon (Tracy Smith, 2007). [4] Canto XXX, lines 47-49. How to cite Madness, Essay examples

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Driving Organizational Success for Multinational Companies in Oil/Mining Industry free essay sample

ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN OIL/MINING INDUSTRY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degrees Masters in Business Administration Lecturer: Eileen OLeary 2010 By: Albertus Rendy Buntaran (S3264165) Executive Summary This paper provides a broad definition of ethical behavior and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the competitive world of oil and mining industries of today. It is also acknowledged that factors behind both ethics and CSR are evolving and therefore, the factors for both ethics and CSR are defined for three different periods. The first period will focus on early 2000 when Enron failed and caused major shift in the world of ethics, during this period, the main factor is commitment and that was the only thing. Commitment for ethical conducts and CSR came with minor implementation. The second period is in present times, where ethics and CSR have already taken place in most of oil and mining corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Driving Organizational Success for Multinational Companies in Oil/Mining Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The establishment of Global Reporting Initiative has defined the standardized framework for reporting. Moreover, corporations start to involved in their commitment. Many corporations are extensively using their ethics and CSR concepts as the basis in driving their organizational success. The future is yet to be challenging as the concept of sustainable development emerged as the new goal in relation with CSR and ethics. Each factor is presented with in depth discussion and evaluation to see how it drives organizational success. There are also some study cases included to see how the output of discussion and evaluation applied in the practical world. ii Table of Contents ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 1 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW 1 ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN OIL/MINING INDUSTRY .. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY II TABLE OF CONTENTS. III INTRODUCTION.. 1 iii Introduction In todays world of oil and mining industries, many corporations are striving to be more ethical and socially responsible. Initiated by the Enron scandal in 2001 and the rising concern for the environment in both past and present situation, many more companies worldwide now acknowledge the importance of ethical practices and CSR as part of their business operations to reach organizational success. Although movements towards both subjects are getting better, the factor behind it changes as the business world evolves from one stage to another. While corporations are intensively trying to improve its viability and accountability, another challenge for the future is already waiting ahead toward the sustainable ethical operations and CSR programs. Furthermore, there is already established reporting standards and methods to assists corporations such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework. However, a critical supporting factor that used to be forgotten which is leadership is also needed in order to ensure that efforts being performed by those corporations are happening not because they are being pushed to do that, but rather because it is what they as a corporation wants, integrated as a part of its system. 1 Aim This paper aims to assess the factors of ethical practice and adoption of CSR in driving organizational success for multinational companies in oil and mining industries during the past in early 2000, current situation and overlook how these will be in the future. Factors Nowadays, the more appropriate question needs to be answered is no longer to what extent should a corporation include the society in their business operation but how to do it and use it as the river for organizational success (Epstein et al, 2006). In recent years, ethics and social responsibility have been playing an important role in the business world including in oil and mining industries . The pressure towards society and ethical conducts are higher than ever. Although every oil and mining multinational corporations economic missions are acknowledged, it is now their responsibility also to address public concerns. Oil and mining industries are known as the subject of scrutiny and bad press related with ethics and CSR concerns (Lins Horwitz, 2007). The interest on CSR and ethics are always fore-fronted to the mining and oil corporations (Kapelus, 2009). The idea was developed since a long time ago, where multinational corporations are demanded to provide community development packages and assistance to their host communities (Amaewhule, 1997). Every business person, regardless their position in the hierarchy, company geographic details or even its products and services are now facing the same challenge which is how to define their corporation role for the society. Many corporation scandals that took place during 2000 period have changed the whole shape of business ethics in a very significant ways. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been going around the business communities for a long time. The concept, strategies, implementation and output have been discussed in the past few years. Oil and mining multinational corporations have been pressured to take into account the effect of their operations to the society surrounding. In present situation, corporations are now challenged on how to combine society issues into their system while at the same time also needs to keep their conducts ethical in everyone perspectives. The factor behind both ethics and CSR are also varying as time moves on. In the past, ethics has been discovered as a commitment, where nowadays it is assumed that most corporations are involved putting their commitment into reality. The future factor will concentrate over the concept of sustainable development which surfaced in 1980s (Mitchell, 2009). To further understand the dimensions of sustainable development concepts, Dr. Walter Wehrmeyer (2000) developed what is called as â€Å"Sustainability Triangle† which clearly provides birds eye view on how the concept correlates with other environments. 3 Figure 1. 0 Sustainability Triangle Source : Corporate Social Responsibility in 2000 by Dr. Walter Wehrmeyer In the globalization era, oil and mining corporations are arguably if not the most profitable sectors in the worldwide market nowadays. Big corporations such as Enron, Exxon, BP and BHP Billiton are all experienced with both ethics and CSR issues. In historical perspective, CSR concepts can be traced for a long time ago but since it was unwritten, it was not formally recognized until the twentieth century through the works such as Chester Barnard’s The Functions of the Executive in 1938, J. M. Clark’s Social Control of Business in 1939, and Theodore Kreps’s Measurement of the Social Performance of Business in 1940 (Epstein et al, 2006). Furthermore, the concept of business ethics could even traced back further into the religious period. Since their inception, the world’s great religions have been preaching the need for ethics in business† (Mitchell, 2009). Moreover, the concept can be traced back into the past where it can then be proven through the warning against greasing the wheels with cash, states: â€Å"Thou shall take no bribe, for a bribe blinds the officials and subverts th e cause of those who are in the right† (Exodus 23: 6-8). In people perspective, oil and, mining companies are somewhat a potential cause of major environmental and social 4 issues. Production wastes that are not managed well can destroy the surrounding environment and eventually lead to social problems. There are events that have proven how multinational oil and mining companies faced problems because of their lack of care to the environment. However, during the 2000 era, such consciousness was not high enough. Most companies know how important both CSR and ethics were, but their commitment were not followed by involvement and any action. Take Newmont Nusa Tenggara (NNT) in Indonesia as an example. In 2002, the corporation was accused to be involved in an attack designated to a group of women who studied the ethical conducts and environment impacts of their business operations (Welker, 2009). It was clear that during the past, corporations still think that neither ethics nor CSR are important factors that were beneficial to their success. During this period, there was nothing more could be expected from the corporations rather than just a commitment which was written as a policy but not really done as an action. In the current situation, many corporations have been involved in both ethics and CSR conducts. They started to realize that as the world becoming more modern, concerns for both ethics and CSR are inevitable and rather than just another commitment, it must be implemented. If we ever visited every or some major oil and mining multinational corporations’ websites nowadays, we can easily find a dedicated section that reports their concerns for society and act of ethical conduct. BP, Exxon, Shell and even developing countries corporations such as Malaysian Petronas or Indonesian Pertamina are providing reports related with their social activities. Ethical conducts are also being embraced after the fall of Enron in 2001 where Enron’s image was in tatters and its stock price had plummeted nearly to zero (Healy Palepu, 2003). In the world of globalization, governments all over all the world have put in place the regulation that ensure every oil and mining corporations to have an ethical conduct and social responsibility program. However, we all need to always take into account that government is no longer as strong as it is. Nowadays, more than 50% of 100 leading corporations are private rather than state-owned (Bomann-Larsen Oddny, 2004). This means that involvement from each corporation will play an important role to define the organizational success both internal and external rather than depending on governments because states are no longer central players in the business world. Implementing ethical operations and CSR are beneficial if they can get more involved rather than just a commitment. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that nowadays â€Å"entire executive team are expected to become actively involved in the community as part of their leadership 5 development where it helps build a vibrant company where people can feel good about what they do and where they live† (Wright et al, 2008). Though it is difficult to find any evidence that CSR and ethics have really put many oil and mining corporations into a larger success level, it has been discussed that the connections between both concepts with organizational success are actually exists. Mitchell (2009), stated that â€Å"Finding a solid, clearly-defined direct link between ethical behavior and increased profits or shareholder value is the Holy Grail of academic research on the subject but companies that make a clear commitment to ethics in their annual reports have a higher share value than competitors that do not†. Does this mean all of oil and mining corporations with high stock price and profits already on the right direction to meet its social expectations not to mention also being ethical in their business operations? There has been no definitive answer to this question, but nor oil neither mining corporations can survive without support from the local community and therefore it is important factor to achieve organizational success. The upcoming future of both ethics and CSR in oil and mining industries is yet to come. The next development goal is already defined which is to achieve sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined as â€Å"a balanced approach for organizations to address economic, social and environment issues in a way that aims to benefit people, communities and society† (WCED, 1987). Moreover, defined future goal is not seen enough, there are options on how sustainability should be, corporations may not always looking for a strong one, they always have an option to go for a weak sustainability, which is easier to achieved. Oil and mining corporations are the main players of these concepts because their businesses focus on natural capital. â€Å"Natural capital is believed as the center of sustainability as many components of natural capital are living beings or results of life, like coal or crude oil† (Ott, 2003). The movement towards the goal has started from early 2000 when Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), an organization with network based members. GRI provides the internationally recognized reports guidelines for sustainability development and currently is the most developed. â€Å"Sustainability reporting has become critical for companies. It is important for companies to build the trust and confidence of its stakeholders and it is expected of companies today to report on the sustainability issues pertinent to its business† (Hill, 2007). Although the idea was already established a long time ago, based on the GRI Reports List (2010), only Kingsgate as the mining industry representative and Woodside Petroleum as the oil industry representative that are included in the list. Based on the research 6 done by Australian Center for Corporate Social Responsibility (ACCSR), oil industry scored lower on their CSR capabilities in 2009 compared to 2008, while mining industries are able to get higher score in 2009 compared to the previous year (ACCSR , 2009). These facts show that the involvement of many multinational corporations in their ethics and CSR programs are simply not enough. John Elkington (1994) introduced what is now known as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). The concept suggested that â€Å"By preparing and disseminating TBL statements, an organization conveys an image of concern and sensitivity to the three dimensions of societal responsibility: economic, environmental, and social† (Brown et al, 2006). The TBL framework is also being endorsed by GRI as the basis of sustainability development. However, none of the aforementioned concepts matter when strong leadership is missing. The realizations of any concepts are always in need for a strong leadership not only from business side but also regulatory side. The leadership is a very important key factor, GRI has also calls on governments to take leadership by requiring all corporations to comply with the sustainability reporting framework (GRI, 2009). In terms of an example, Indonesian Government is one of the best examples in the world. In 2007, Indonesia took an initial step to make CSR Reporting compulsory and must be implemented in three months time to proof that the plan is operable (Kiroyan, 2007). These rules are included in a law passed by the legislation. During that time, Indonesia is the only government in the world to have such regulation and soon followed by other nations. In the globalization era and the pressure from society are high, this is where a leader comes in. The businesses most likely to succeed are whose leader able to incorporate values into their decision making and execution process, seek to balance conflicting interests and concerns (Palazzi Starcher, 2006). Enron fall in 2001 is a sample where a corporation lacks of leadership. The idea of leadership as the basis of both ethics and CSR has been misunderstood as the ability to direct people into a particular direction. However, this view is not entirely right, rather than pushing the people or employees into doing the right thing, leadership is about make people want to do the right thing, in the right way. A lot of oil and mining corporations are now struggling to empower this into their system. Because achieving sustainability development is not targeted for the leaders, but also all employees and other stakeholders. Effective leadership that distributed throughout the entire corporations system created leadership cultures are self-sustaining (Painter-Morland, 2008). This challenge is also applied to any other corporations in the 7 world, because ethics and CSR are so abstract, it is impossible to narrow the applicability of it into just the mining and oil industries. In short summary, the variation of factors that contribute to the development of ethics and CSR are not mutually excursive. They should be combined to reach the maximum effort. When are the corporations expected to have successfully implemented the sustainable development? American Management Association (2007) believes that the movement will reach will eventually start to reach its peak on 2017 given the current condition. In current situation, â€Å"the growth of social and environmental costs and corporate managers’ recognition that they need to better manage corporate social and environmental impacts have dramatically increased the demand for both internal and external social and environmental reports† (Epstein Marc, 2008). The future does not want another Exxon-Valdez incident, where unethical and irresponsibility incident happened. Furthermore, that incident was a result of their lack of leadership, one absolute factor that almost every executive fail to address and recognize. The Enron executives used the five mechanisms to reinforce a culture that was morally flexible, opening the door to ethics degeneration, lying, cheating, and stealing (Sims, 2003). In hope of a better future, oil and mining corporations are now striving to reach the sustainability. Moreover, they also should never ignore that strong leadership is always an important basis to reach that goal. Incorporate both the act of ethical operations and excellent CSR program with good leadership together, it is not impossible to reach the goal. 8 Conclusion On the whole, it can be concluded that factors of both ethics and CSR in three different periods are changing but not mutually exclusive. During the early millennium era which was in 2000, ethics and CSR main factor was commitment. In that period, most oil and mining corporations are already had a commitment about both subjects, but the fall of Enron showed that there was nothing more than just a commitment. Corporations never really put into account how important ethical conducts and CSR in driving their organizational success. In current period, we have seen a better involvement of corporations in the implementation of their ethics and CSR programs. They started to adopt the GRI standard report format to keep the public informed of their activities. The challenge for the future is already started from a long time ago, which goal is to reach sustainability. While the oil and mining corporations are developing into reaching the goal, there is another supporting factor that plays an important role which is strong leadership. There is a vision already that believes the year of 2017 is the tipping point where sustainable development will be mature and eventually reach its peak. In order to fulfill that vision, those aforementioned factors combined with strong leadership are believed to be the key driving forces in oil and mining multinational corporations to reach their organizational success. 9 References ‘A Global Study of Current Trends and Possibilities 2007-2017’ 2007, American Management Association. Retrieved March 28th, 2010 Adams, W. M. , 2006, ‘The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development In The Twenty-First Century’. Retrieved from IUCN. Alizar, AM Scott, R 2009, ‘Offshore Mining: Working at the Local Level to Support Sustainable Mining’, Canadian Mining Journal, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 24-25. Retrieved March 26th, 2010, from Proquest. Amaewhule J. 1997. The Global Compact: Origin, Operations, Progress, Challenges. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, vol. 11, pp. 35-49. Barkemeyer, R 2007, ‘Legitimacy as a Key Driver and Determinant of CSR in Developing Countries’, Paper for the 2007 Marie Curie Summer School on Earth System Governance, May 28th – June 6th, 2007, Amsterdam. University of St. Andrews Sustainable Research Development Center(SDRC), UK. Bomann-Larsen, L. Oddny W, 2004, ‘Responsibility in World Business: Managing Harmful Side-effects of Corporate Activity’, Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Brown, D. , Dillard, J. Marshall, R. S. 2006. Triple Bottom Line: A Business Metaphor For A Social Construct. MBA, Portland State University. Brunk, KH 2009, ‘Exploring Origins of Ethical Company/Brand Perceptions – A Consumer Perspective of Corporate Ethics’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 63, pp. 255-262. Claasen, C 2009, ‘Organizational Legitimacy and CSR in Equal Public Private Joint Ventures in the Mining Industry : The Case of Namdeb’, vol. 0, no. 2, pp. 218-228. Retrieved March 27th, 2010, from Proquest. 10 Cragg, W Greenbaum, A 2009, ‘Reasoning about Responsibilities: Mining Company Managers on What Stakeholders are Owed’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 319-335. Retrieved March 26th, 2010, from Proquest. Davis, I. , 2005, ‘What I s The Business Of Business? ’, The McKinsey Quarterly. Debroux, P. , ‘Corporate Socal Responsibility and Sustainable Development In Asia: A Growing Awareness’. Elkington, J. 2004, ‘Enter the Triple Bottom Line’. ‘Environment in Focus’ 2007, Canadian Mining Journal. Retrieved March 26th, 2010 from Proquest. Epstein, Marc J. , and Kirk O. Hanson (eds). 2006. Introduction. The Accountable Corporation: Corporate Social Responsibility, Volume 3. Praeger Publishers. Epstein, Marc J. 2008. ‘Chapter 9 External Sustainability Reporting and Verification. Making Sustainability Work: Best Practices in Managing and Measuring Corporate Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Eweje, G 2007, ‘Multinational Oil Companies’ CSR Initiatives in Nigeria: The Skepticism of Stakeholders in Host Communities’, Managerial Law, vol. 49, no. 5/6, pp. 218-235. Retrieved March 25th, 2010, from Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Gfrerer, M. , 2010, ‘Sustainable Public Management Approach for Corporate Social Responsibility Activities in Indonesia’, University of Indonesia. Global Reporting Initiative, 2009. Reaching Investor. Communicating Value Through ESG Disclosures. In: GILBERT, S. O’LOUGHLIN, J. (eds. ). 11 Global Reporting Initiative. 2009. The Amsterdam Declaration on Transparency and Reporting [Online]. Available: [Accessed 27/03 2010]. Graves, T. 2002. Review: Peter Drucker The Next Society. GRI Reports List. 2010. Retrieved March 27th, 2010 from Guenther, E, Hoppe, H Poser, C. 006, ‘Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility of the Firms in the Mining and Oil and Gas Industry: Current Status Quo of Reporting Following GRI Guidelines’, General Management International, vol. 53, pp. 7-25. Retrieved March 28 th, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. Healy, P. M. Palepu, K. G. 2003. The Fall of Enron. J ournal of Economic Perspectives, 17. Hill, K. M. 2007, ‘Sustainability Reporting 10 Years On’. Briefing Paper. Global Reporting Initiative. Hills, J Welford, R 2006, ‘Case Study: Auditing for Human Rights: Freeport-McMoran Copper and Gold in Papua’, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, vol. 3, pp. 108-114. Retrieved March 28th, 2010, from Wiley Interscience. Hutchins, MJ, Walck, CL, Sterk, DP, Campbell, GA 2007, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: A Unifying Discourse for the Mining Industry’. Retrieved March 25 th, 2010, from Greenleaf Publishing Ltd. Imbun, BY 2007, ‘Cannot Manage without the â€Å"Significant Other†: Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility and Local Communities in Papua New Guinea’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 73, pp. 177-192. Retrieved March 25th, 2010, from Proquest 12 Kapelus, P. 009, ‘Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility and the â€Å"Community†: The Case of Rio Rinto, Richards Bay Minerals and the Mbonambi†, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 275-296. Retrieved on March 27th, 2010, from Proquest. Kaptein, Muel, and Johan Wempe. Chapter 7 Incorporating Corporate Ethics. The Balanced Company: A Theory of Corporate Integrity. Oxford University Press. Kemp, M 2001, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia: Quixotic Dream or Confident Expextation? ’, United Nation Research Institute for Social Development: Techonology, Business and Society Programme Paper, no. 6. Retrieved March 27th, 2010, from Digital Commons. Kiroyan, N. 2007. Corporate Social Responsibility Now The Law In Indonesia [Online]. The Jakarta Post. Available: [Accessed 28/03 2010]. Koestoer, Y. T. 2007. Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia. Building Internal Corporate Values To Address Challenges In CSR Implementation. Good Corporate and Social Governance in Promoting ASEAN’s Regional Integration. Jakarta. Lins, C. Horwitz, E. 2007, ‘Sustainability In The Mining Sector’. Lukin, S. ‘Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Objectives’. Belarus State Economic University. Management Association, American. 007, The Future of Sustainability. Creating a Sustainable Future: A Global Study of Current Trends and Possibilities 2007-2017. American Management Association/Human Resources Institute. Mitchell, C. 2009. Chapter 1 Why Ethics Matter. A Short Course in International Business Ethics: Combining Ethics and Profits in Global Business, 3 rd Edition. 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The Question by Henri Alleg essays

The Question by Henri Alleg essays Henri Allegs, The Question, provides a first hand yet unsentimental account of (Pg.vii) of the torture inflicted upon him in Algeria as a result of his involvement with the Algerian National Liberation Movement. The candid and unembellished nature of Allegs account allows it to transcend the question of French treatment of the Algerians and all who stood in their favor and moves on to question the very nature of humanity; which is why the power of the account still resonates. Torture is after all an act of imposing pain, be it physical or psychological and takes its toll on both the tortured and the torturer. It is hard to decide which is more devastating, the brutality described in The Question or the apathy mixed with misplaced admiration for the ability to withstand torture-instead of the appropriate response of sympathy-within the French Army. Because Alleg only narrates his experience without interweaving any political argument he allows the readers the liberty to form their own conclusions on the political situation in Algeria. He appeals to the readers humanity, eliciting a stronger response, that of outrage. Furthermore, this sentiment of outrage is compounded by the disbelief that comes with knowing that the very people who have become torturers were tortured only fifteen years prior. That the very people who had been tortured and persecuted by the Gestapo were now the people who proudly called themselves the Gestapo to establish the intensity of torture they perpetrate. (Pg. 47) This only adds to the value of the book and explains the impact it had in France it appeals to each and every person with the slightest sense of clemency. More than anything, he argues that employment of torture as a means of interrogation is wrong and that this statement stands regardless of ones socio-political beliefs. The Question is a particularly valuable source of information because it ...

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910–December 18, 1995) earned the semi-official title of inventor of the modern computer for his series of automatic calculators, which he invented to help with his lengthy engineering calculations. Zuse  modestly dismissed the title, though, praising the inventions of his contemporaries and successors as being equally- if not more- important than his own. Fast Facts: Konrad Zuse Known For: Inventor of the first electronic, fully programmable digital computers, and a programming languageBorn: June 22, 1910 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, GermanyParents: Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and Maria Crohn ZuseDied: December 18, 1995 in Hà ¼nfeld (near Fulda), GermanySpouse: Gisela Ruth BrandesChildren: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse Early Life Konrad Zuse was born on June 22, 1910, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany, and was the second of the two children of the Prussian civil servant and postal officer Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and his wife Maria Crohn Zuse. Konrads sister was named Lieselotte. He attended a series of grammar schools and briefly considered a career in art, but he eventually enrolled at the  Technical College (Technischen Hochschule) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, graduating with a degree in civil engineering in 1935. After graduation, he started work as a design engineer at the Henschel Flugzeugwerke (Henschel aircraft factory) in Berlin-Schà ¶nefeld. He resigned a year later after deciding to devote his life entirely to the construction of a computer, work that he pursued relentlessly between 1936 and 1964. The Z1 Calculator   One of the most difficult aspects of performing large calculations with slide rules or mechanical adding machines is keeping track of all the intermediate results and using them in their proper place during the later steps of the calculation. Zuse wanted to overcome that difficulty.  He realized that an automatic calculator would require three basic elements: a control, a memory, and a calculator for the arithmetic. Zuse made a mechanical calculator called the Z1 in 1936. This was the first binary computer. He used it to explore several groundbreaking technologies in calculator development: floating-point arithmetic, high-capacity memory, and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle.   Electronic, Fully Programmable Digital Computers Zuses ideas were not fully implemented in the Z1  but they succeeded more with each Z prototype. Zuse completed the Z2,  the first fully functioning electro-mechanical computer in 1939,  and the Z3 in 1941. The Z3 used recycled materials donated by fellow university staff and students. It was the worlds first electronic, fully programmable digital computer based on a binary floating-point number and a  switching system. Zuse used old movie film to store his programs and data for the Z3 instead of paper tape or punched cards. Paper was in short supply in Germany during the war. According to The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse by Horst Zuse: In 1941, the Z3 contained almost all the features of a modern computer as defined by John von Neumann and his colleagues in 1946. The only exception was the ability to store the program in the memory together with the data. Konrad Zuse did not implement this feature in the Z3 because his 64-word memory was too small to support this mode of operation. Due to the fact that he wanted to calculate thousands of instructions in a meaningful order, he only used the memory to store values or numbers. The block structure of the Z3 is very similar to a modern computer. The Z3 consisted of separate units, such as a punch tape reader, control unit, floating-point arithmetic unit, and input/output devices.† Marriage and Family In 1945, Zuse married one of his employees, Gisela Ruth Brandes. They had five children: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse. The First Algorithmic Programming Language Zuse wrote the first algorithmic programming language in 1946. He called it Plankalkà ¼l and used it to program his computers. He wrote the worlds first chess-playing program using Plankalkà ¼l. The Plankalkà ¼l language included arrays and records and used a style of assignment- storing the value of an expression in a variable- in which the new value appears in the right column. An array is a collection of identically typed data items distinguished by their indices or subscripts,† such as  A[i,j,k], in which A is the array name and ​i, j, and k are the indices. Arrays are best when accessed in an unpredictable order. This is in contrast to lists, which are best when accessed sequentially. World War II Zuse was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work for a computer based on electronic valves. The Germans thought they were close to winning the war and felt no need to support further research. The Z1 through Z3 models were shuttered, along with Zuse Apparatebau, the first computer company that Zuse formed in 1940. Zuse left for Zurich to finish his work on the Z4, which he smuggled from Germany in a military truck by hiding it in stables en route to Switzerland. He completed and installed the Z4 in the Applied Mathematics Division of Zurichs Federal Polytechnical Institute, where it remained in use until 1955.   The Z4 had a mechanical memory with a capacity of 1,024 words and several card readers. Zuse no longer had to use movie film to store programs since  he could now use punch cards. The Z4 had punches and various facilities to enable flexible programming, including address translation and conditional branching.   Zuse moved back to Germany in 1949 to form a second company called Zuse KG for the construction and marketing of his designs. Zuse rebuilt models of the Z3 in 1960 and the Z1 in 1984. Death and Legacy Konrad Zuse died on December 18, 1995, of a heart attack, in Hà ¼nfeld, Germany.  His innovations of fully working programmable calculators and a language to run it have established him as one of the innovators leading to the computing industry. Sources Dalakov, Georgi. Biography of Konrad Zuse. History of Computers.  1999.Zuse, Horst. Konrad Zuse- Biography. Konrad Zuse Homepage.  2013.Zuse, Konrad. The Computer, My Life. Trans. McKenna, Patricia and J. Andrew Ross. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Role of Individuals in Historical Thought Essay

Role of Individuals in Historical Thought - Essay Example With the progress of history, the intensifying and expansion of historical efforts, and the advancement of ‘science, technology and society’ a great number individuals take part in historical happenings and every person plays a ‘mounting role’ in the historical course and boosts his involvement to the ‘treasure store’ of material as well as religious way of life. The inventive action of the person is especially great within communist society where there are encouraging environment for free of charge labour and activity in different fields of social existence (Plekhanov, p. 32, 2003). Individuals, not Forces, make History Great individuals do not emerge accidentally but through historical requirement, when the resultant objective circumstances are ready. Exceptional leaders arrive at the forefront during a phase of fundamental radical alterations within society, political activities and known revolts. People of intellect appear in science usually when invention needs some outstanding scientific breakthrough. Exceptional artists, most of the time, show their flair on the most important ‘turning points in history’. In addition, a brilliant individual will go down in history simply if the general public requires his aptitude, temperament and intelligence on a particular phase of its progress. The leaders of the working class and all the waged people - such as Marx, Engels and Lenin - were wonderful individuals who left a profound mark on history. They were leaders of a â€Å"qualitatively new type† (Plekhanov, p. 51, 2003), impressive scholars and controller of the best faction of the public, the radical association of the working class. They had pledge and valour, unwavering personal belief in the impartiality of the socialist reasons, affection for the individuals and extreme dislike for their opponents. They were strongly connected with the public, trained them and in turn gained knowledge from the publi c, taking a broader view of their â€Å"rich revolutionary experience† (Limaye, p. 193, 1986). Lately, Oakeshott's efforts have been described as a ‘reformulation’ of moderation, one which attempts to free it of the conventionally main policies of â€Å"materialism, economism, and utilitarianism† (Limaye, p. 221, 1986). His individualism is known to be a systematically ‘Hegelian’ dismissal of the usual exact assumptions causing the materialist belief. Oakeshott is quoted mostly for having symbolically explained human activity along with interaction as dialogue. Ironically, a number of political philosophers fail to notice Oakeshott's added declaration that the persistent obsession with particular activities has in fact facilitated in making the general discussion of humanity relatively uninteresting.â€Å"Philosophy, on the other hand, is also effectively conversational; it is unusually conversable† (Limaye, p. 291, 1986). Oakeshottâ₠¬â„¢s formation of history is possibly more an issue of ‘modesty than of nihilism’. For Oakeshott, history’ as it is generally considered is a vague phrase, exemplifying two separate thoughts. First, there is the estimated sum of the existence of humankind, or the course of - in some way related - happenings inside this human account. This is a ‘past com prised’ of real historical happenings as well as individuals by actual historical performers; it is they, who make history, not the historians. Oakeshott argues that as it imagines history as a helpful collection of evidence to be mastered; this is not an appropriately

Healing Hospital and Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healing Hospital and Spirituality - Essay Example Today, most hospitals promote medical healing and spiritual nourishment in the treatment of patients. The primary concern of this paper is to outline the relationship between components of a healing hospital and spirituality. The paper will also major on the biblical aspects supporting a healing hospital and the challenges faced in creating a healing environment. Setting up a healing hospital goes beyond the physical structure of the institution. Remarkably, modern healing facilities focus on key components relating to spirituality in the process of providing quality healthcare. A healing physical health care setting focuses on constructing an environment that helps patients and kins cope with the pressures of sickness. That is attainable by ensuring the patients’ connection to nature through customization of physical and built structural features (Huisman et al., 2012). A healing physical environment is quiet to allow patients to have sound and uninterrupted sleep, for instance. The body performs most healing when the patients are asleep. Because of that, the component ensures that noise is reduced to the lowest levels by fitting silencers (Seifert & Hickman, 2005). Facilities such as cleaning machines should not generate noise to the surrounding environment. Quiet environments allow patients to engage in spiritual practices like med itation and prayer. These practices foster social support to the patient reduce anxiety, depression and encourage relaxation that is essential for the patient’s recovery. Integration of a work design and technology is a key component of a healing health institution. A majority of modern health centers have single rooms that give patients privacy when in prayer sessions. Technological advanced equipment such as sky-light system provide in-room entertainment allowing patients tune to spiritual songs and watch healing programs that are significant for their recovery. A number of hospitals