Good vs. Evil Free Essays

Decisions: Good versus Malicious There are numerous ideas that are resolved subjective depending on each person's preferences. Individuals have various ethics; someone’s ethics could be viewed as defilement to another person. We will compose a custom paper test on Great versus Insidious or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now What somebody thinks about wonderful, another should seriously mull over horrifying. A person’s meaning of equity could be somebody else’s meaning of illicit. There are numerous components with respect to why we as a whole have various standards, for example, the manner in which we were raised, our past encounters, our way of life, or our confidence. Therefore, we as a whole appointed authority as needs be to our own points of view. In East of Eden, John Steinbeck expresses that one can be expected acceptable or wickedness once the individual has kicked the bucket. With our various ideal models, we would have alternate points of view on great and insidiousness. Along these lines, we don't have a clue about the right meaning of good or malevolence, so it would not be directly for us to pass judgment on somebody at all previously or after their demise. All that we see is point of view, however how are we so sure it is reality? Take for instance, a blossom. To a human, it is sufficiently little to grasp; to a creepy crawly, it is sufficiently large to be a home. The human and the bug are taking a gander at a similar bloom, yet see it in an unexpected way. Is the subterranean insect essentially smaller than usual, or is the human just too large? It can't be esteemed on the grounds that there are various ideal models that control our judgment. There are additionally increasingly genuine cases this applies to. On July 5, 2011, Casey Anthony was seen not as liable for killing her young girl Caylee. Eyewitnesses were dazed and offended by the jury’s decision. Legal hearers asserted that it couldn't be demonstrated that Casey Anthony was blameworthy in light of the fact that there was insufficient proof. There were just realities that hinted at the end that Casey could be the killer, however there were no crude and established truths that plainly indicated that Casey was liable for the passing of her girl. Capital punishment gauged a great deal on the pondering of the members of the jury. They had an actual existence in their grasp; decisions and deductions were insufficient to see her as blameworthy. The jury could be regarded useful for keeping the law and complying with their promise, or they could be considered wickedness for letting a potential killer pull off a wrongdoing. There are numerous situations on this decision dependent on our perspectives, yet we don't really know reality. There are such a significant number of points of view known to man, we can never be so certain which is the right one. Without knowing reality, our decisions aren’t advocated. They state there is a story behind everything. Stories for the most part have different sides to them, possibly more. Generally, we need to accept that we know the full story. As individuals, we like conclusion and we don't care for unanswered inquiries. In any case, would it be advisable for it to regularly happen to somebody that there might be various obscure sides to a story? Marilyn Monroe was discovered dead in her room from an overdose on August 5, 1962. Monroe’s demise stays a riddle and has gotten one of the most discussed fear inspired notions ever. A few people accept that her passing was a murder, and a few people trusted it was a self destruction. There could be numerous obscure clarifications to Monroe’s demise, and we may never discover. Without information on how she passed on, our decisions are not think. There are continually going to be unanswered inquiries and uncertain endings. As people, what we accept is highminded for the most part drives back to our perspectives and comprehension of life. Everybody has their life organized a specific route as indicated by their convictions. Our convictions hugy affect our mindset and activities whether we have faith in God, Buddha, Atheism, Karma, or anything by any stretch of the imagination. With separating religion and convictions, there is no legitimacy to our decisions. Without the information on reality, we can't judge honestly; we would be expecting aimlessly. It is a human impulse to pass judgment. We judge to cause laws so society to can work in an efficient way, we judge to shield ourselves from hurt by recognizing what is by all accounts hazardous or destructive, and we additionally judge to settle on choices to profit ourselves, for example, picking the school to our craving. Despite the fact that these are levelheaded reasons concerning why we should pass judgment, they additionally lead to war, fear based oppressor assaults, generalizations, and preference. Our presumptions and decisions rotate around our viewpoint. Our ideal models outline our decisions, and this regularly results to various positions and perspectives. The idea of good and malice are according to the onlooker. The genuine meaning of good and malice may never be uncovered in the course of our life. Thus, we can't esteem somebody great or shrewdness previously or after their demise since we don't have the comprehension of these thoughts in any case. Works Cited â€Å"Death of Caylee Anthony. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Dec. 2012. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Death_of_Caylee_Anthony. The most effective method to refer to Good versus Detestable, Papers

Canterbury Tales -The Woman Of Bath Essays - The Canterbury Tales

Canterbury Tales - The Woman Of Bath The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, is an assortment of stories in an edge story, somewhere in the range of 1387 and 1400. It is the narrative of a gathering of thirty individuals who head out as explorers to Canterbury to visit the place of worship of Thomas Beckett. The pioneers, who originate from all classes of society, recount stories to one another to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. In the Prologue, it states Chaucer planned that every explorer should advise two stories while in transit to Canterbury and two stories in transit back. He kicked the bucket before he got an opportunity to complete his task; be that as it may, he managed to finish twenty-four of the stories including the one probably told by the Woman of Bath. The fairly unbridled Woman of Bath recounted to an intriguing story which was with regards to her novel character. The lecherous Woman of Bath was an extremely complex material producer who drove an exceptionally fascinating life. She was an individual from the urban culture and was exceptionally effective in her undertakings. She was viewed as alluring, she had large hips, long hair, gapped teeth, and she was to some degree hard of hearing. She wore tight garments, a red scarf on her head, red fishnet stockings, and delicate new shoes. These things, alongside the way that she was all around voyaged showed that she was somewhat well off. The Woman of Bath had five spouses and a lot more relationships. Chaucer expresses that she realizes how to cure love's issues, a workmanship at which she knew the most seasoned Sitton 2 moves. The Woman of Bath was a significant appealing, affluent and wanton lady of her day. The story told by the Woman of Bath appeared to be muddled, yet regardless of anything else, it is essentially about the one thing a lady needs seeing someone. Her story starts with a ruler's men out on an excursion. On his excursion, he ran over an appealing young lady, and taking care of business, he assaulted her. At the point when the King discovered, he was shocked and requested and requested the man's passing. Be that as it may, the Queen asked for his life. The King concluded that the Queen could choose the man's discipline. She concluded that in the event that he needed to live, he would have one year and a day to go out on an excursion to choose what it is that a lady needs most seeing someone. In this way, he set out on another excursion. He went a whole year asking each lady he found what she needed generally, just to hear an alternate answer from every single lady. At last, his year was reaching a conclusion and he started his direction home. In transit he met an elderly person, this lady disclosed to him that she would reveal to him the key to what ladies need, on the off chance that he vowed to do whatever she asks of him first. He concurred. She revealed to him that each of the a lady needs is to be in finished and absolute authority over her marriage and relationships. The man at that point returned to the Queen and her court of ladies and mentioned to them what he had realized. Nobody couldn't help contradicting what he stated, so the sovereign saved his life. The Old Woman at that point stood up and said now you need to do what I ask you to. Anyway, will you wed me? The man separated shouting no, anything other than that. In any case, he needed to do it at any rate. On their wedding night, he overlooked her and treated her icily. At the point when she inquired as to why, he mentioned to her what do you expect you are old and monstrous. She kept on revealing to him that being old and revolting is an indication of celibacy and tidiness; while, b eing youthful and alluring is an indication of indiscrimination and filth. She revealed to him that he needed to pick which one of the two he needed. He disclosed to her that it didn't make a difference, Sitton 3 what's more, it was all up to her; in this way, giving her command over the circumstance. In remuneration, the following morning when they stirred, she was the best of the two universes. In addition to the fact that she was youthful and wonderful, she was unwavering and unadulterated

North American Magic The Worst Thing to Happen to Harry Potter Since Voldemort

North American Magic The Worst Thing to Happen to Harry Potter Since Voldemort J.K. phoned it in. We can all say it. Folks were pretty excited when they first heard about new stories in the Harry Potter universe. First there was the announcement of Fantastic Beasts, and although the casting seemed a bit, er, homogenized for 1920s New York, most people were willing to look the other way. Next came the stage play The Cursed Child and the revelatory casting of a black woman as Hermione. Awesome, I thought, maybe Harry Potter isn’t as messed up with regards to race as I think it is (because I think it’s pretty fucked up and I’m not the only one). But then, Pottermore released Rowling’s History of Magic in North America, and yo. Yo. It’s pretty fucked up. Forget the terrible set up, the categorization of hundreds of tribes throughout North America as a monolith, the weird refusal to acknowledge colonization, the Native magic constructed straight from a Cliffs Notes version of Disney’s Native American stereotypes, the assertion that OF COURSE Native Americans didn’t have wands, that’s a European thing (also: so, no other culture could seem to figure out that wands strengthen their magic but the Europeans? I mean…wow). Put all of that problematic BS aside (if you can, there’s a lot) and you still come to the one, central truth. J.K. phoned it in. The History of Magic in North America is what happens when a fourth grader Googles information about his essay on Oklahoma the night before it’s due, ten minutes before his bedtime, and ends up plagiarizing the Onion and citing it as a credible source. I am not a die hard Harry Potter fan. I did not wait in lines at bookstores at midnight to get a copy of the book. I didn’t dress up in gear from my favorite Hogwart’s House or wait in line to get into the Wizarding World a week after it opened and I only barely know what house I belong to (Gryffindor, every single time).  But if I had dedicated hours and hours of my life to the fandom I’d be pissed. While the rest of the Harry Potter books and movies show a casual disregard for inclusiveness and rely on token minority characters (when they appear at all), the History of Magic in North America is the literary equivalent of performing in black face, although I suppose in this case it’s red face. I discussed on twitter why Rowling’s history of Magic in North America was lazy, but it’s worse than that. While it’s easy for readers to hand wave away the terrible representation in the earlier works, and by extension the movies (which have the whitest London ever depicted since My Fair Lady), it isn’t easy to dismiss this newest work. Rowling cobbled together random bits of found folklore and woo-woo like a New Age practitioner trying for a fresh identity after their third divorce. This isn’t worldbuilding, this isn’t a fresh and new spin on well-known tropes for a deeper message. This is a literal laundry list of stereotypes about Native Americans that required no thought or deeper examination. It’s hurtful to Native Americans and harmful, spreading problematic tropes, but its also insulting to the fans who have spent their money and time on the franchise. The Harry Potter Fandom should expect more. Editors Note: For more info on this, see this post at Native Appropriations  (and  Tweets from Dr. Adrienne Keene), this post from Righting Red  and  Debbie Reeses recent Tweets and post about the topic. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Art Final Paper 201 - After the Renaissance - 1485 Words

Art 201 Professor Wilson May 6th 2012 Final Paper- Comparison between two works of art Pompeo Girolamo Batoni Diana and Cupid 1761 and Corrado Giaquinto The Lamentation 1740’s Neoclassical Art was an art form that followed the Baroque and Rococo art periods. Neoclassicism was a way for artists to display their wish to return to meaningful art, to escape the frivolity of landscapes and still life paintings, and paint something that had a moral, educational or inspirational value to the viewer. Neoclassical art was an attempt to return knowledge and purity back to art. Neoclassicism was mainly focused on Greek and Roman arts and stories of the classical era with some new advancement. It was a revival of antiquity. In Pompeo†¦show more content†¦In each of these works you can clearly see a loving gaze between subjects. In Diana and Cupid, Diana is gazing so lovingly and playfully at Cupid, while Cupid is staring at his bow his hand is placed upon her leg for support while reaching for it. In The Lamentation, only an angel is touching the body of Jesus, holding his hand, but the other main figure in the painting has her hands clasped together and is gazing at Jesus in a loving yet mournful way. The use of color in the paintings can easily be compared and contrasted. Both works are fairly repetitive in their color use, and the colors chosen are clear indicators for where the artist wants the viewer to look. For example in Diana and Cupid her clothing is a bright vibrant red, and while there are many other beautiful colors throughout the painting none are quite as vibrant as the red used. This clearly shows that the human figure is the main subject of the art. In The Lamentation the use of color is a little different, it would seem that the artist used color on all of the other subjects except for Jesus’ naked body which in turn I believe makes Jesus stand out from the picture, because there is color used everywhere but on Jesus you focus in on him while all of the other subjects are kind of blending together. In each of the paintings the artist also uses the shadowing technique. The use of light and dark is captivating i n The Lamentation; a lot of it has toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Evolution Embedded in Symbols2727 Words   |  11 PagesYou wrote the word entropy on the upper left hand corner of the page. On the bottom right hand side you wrote, Creativity is based on randomness and chance. This paper is, in part, an exploration of the pictures and words that we place in notebooks; it is an investigation of the human fixation with the creation of symbols via art and writing. But is also about how the symbols drawn in ones notebook are just as relevant as the development of multi-cellular organisms and the extinction of the dinosaursRead MoreThe Evolution of Individualized Major Programs3401 Words   |  14 Pagescurriculum was derived directly from that of universities in England such as Oxford and Cambridge. Therefore it consisted of medieval learning, devotional studies judged conducive to the preservation of confessional religious piety, and late Renaissance arts and literature (Lucas, 2006). Universities also taught philosophy, Greek, Latin, metaphysics, mathematics, and so much more. The hope was that instead of providing an introduction to one branch they would give their students a repository of informationRead MoreSwot Analysis25582 Words   |  103 Pagesof W estern Sydney Limited, a manufacturer of pumps, filters and security products. GUD’s acquired Sunbeam in 1996. After catering for predominately female needs, it was the male population’s turn to benefit from Sunbeam’s innovations. The electric shaver—Shavemaster—was introduced to the market. Despite heavy international competition, Shavemaster became a market leader shortly after its launch. The appliance revolution continued to penetrate the Australian market. Consumers were introduced to theRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages1256 and the court of Alphonso the Wise, king of Castille, and exerted a considerable influence on Western magic thereafter. It is said that much of Ficino’s astrological magic derives from the Picatrix (see I.P.Couliano, Eros and Magic in the Renaissance, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 118). The Picatrix is mentioned by Johannes Trithemius in Book 2 of his notorious Steganographia (1500) and in his An tipalus Maleficiorum (c. 1500). One copy (British Library, Sloane manuscript 3679) passedRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesnew ideas that solve the important problems. Buy it now and read it tonight. Tomorrow you will learn more, create more, inspire more.† Chairman of the Executive Committee, Intuit Inc. â€Å" e Innovator’s DNA sheds new light on the once-mysterious art of innovation by showing that successful innovators exhibit common behavioral habits—habits that can boost anyone’s creative capacity.† author, e 7 Habits of Highly E ective People and e Leader in Me â€Å"Having worked with Clayton Christensen onRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pages90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A NoteRead MoreZara Business Case15365 Words   |  62 Pageswas based on expectations of future growth—higher than an estimated 69% for Wal-Mart or, for that matter, other high-performing retailers.1 The next section of this case briefly describes the structure of the global apparel chain, from producers to final customers. The section that follows profiles three of Inditex’s leading international competitors in apparel retailing: The Gap (U.S.), Hennes Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy). The rest of the case focuses on Inditex, particularly the businessRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagescondition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335â€⠀œ4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–928336–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ Michael Bromwich is an exemplar of all that is good about the BritishRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pagescategories. Some lay out in a jargon-free manner a particular branch of the theory, the evolution of one of its concepts, or a problem that runs through its development. Others are original pieces of work that are signiï ¬ cant to game theory as a whole. After taking the reader through a concise history of game theory, the contributors discuss such topics as: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the connections between Von Neumann’s mathematical game theory and the domain assigned to it today since Nash the strategicRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesSixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted

Examples of Company Case Studies - 1356 Words

Case study KUB Case 1 LiFung sought to expand their business started on a small scale and expanding it more and more. They had the idea and they knew which products to sell. They started as a company that only exported goods to outside merchants from the location they we were in. However as they decided to go public, the group was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. By 1995, the group had expanded its customer base to Indian subcontinent, Caribbean basins and the Mediterranean. Its basic strategy rested in the fact that it attracted big companies like Avon, Tesco, Abercrombie Fitch to buy its products. Furthermore, when they started growing, they thought of outsourcing. This included bringing in different products from different places and producing at a different place. For instance, a product was made in Thailand only because of the labor and quota conditions that Thailand had. Its strategy became stronger when it began purchasing their rival companies such that there would be very little competitio n for them. StudioDirect.com is a smart idea that it allows the customers and the companies to shop from anywhere and at anytime. There are no restrictions such as contracts or timings that come in the way. The ability of the customer to see the product in different colors and designs further enhance the possibilities of the product and thus enhance the sale. It is good in a way that this is available for people all over the world. The sale is not limited to certainShow MoreRelated Rendell Company Case Study Essay examples956 Words   |  4 PagesRendell Company Case Study Executive Summary This report will give us a clear perspective as to what the optimal organizational structure that suits Rendell Company plus some additional control system in attaining the company’s main objectives. 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From the basic accounting principles and guidelines, there will affect the balance sheet, income statement and financial statements. Let us discuss to the case study â€Å"Smart Business†. â€Æ' 1.1 Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information Diagram 1 : Qualitative characteristics of accounting information Diagram 1 above is a hierarchy diagram that represents qualitative characteristics of accounting informationRead MoreA World Transformed By Social Technologies1004 Words   |  5 Pagesfor businesses that explains what social media is, how it is changing the way companies relate to consumers, and how it can be used to their advantage. The authors, Charlene Li and Josh Bernoff, both analysts for renowned Forrester Research, one of the most influential research and advisory firms in the world, spent a year researching, analyzing, and blogging about social technologies that are changing the way companies and consumers interact. 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Political †¢ Political parties and alignments at local, national and European or regional trading-bloc level. †¢ Example like on taxation and employment law. †¢ Government ownership of industry and attitude to monopolies and competition. †¢ To relate with case study: Ronald McDonald was opened by McDonalds in Asia in 1996 for the house welcomes families with critically ill children to stay at the house while the children are undergoingRead MoreA Report On The Procurement Process1475 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful in the field. The case study outlines two companies, the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply (CIPS) and OPITO, which provide training services to improve procurement practices in the oil and gas industry. The companies completed a survey of the oil and gas industry to identify areas that skill sets are deficient within the industry and are working together to develop specialized training to meet the needs of the oil and gas industry (Business Case Studies, 2016). CIPS is a professionalRead MoreImportance of Good Salespeople in a Company: The Joe Salatino Case Study1276 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿1. It is necessary that the Great American Northern company understand the importance of how people form perceptions and make attributions because customers opinions are formed through their interaction with the salesperson over the phone. The Joe Salatino case study reveals a boss whose company is highly successful while at the same time maintaining the potential for even more success. The case study certainly suggests that the company is hugely profitable: Salatino sells more than $20 millionRead MoreA Good Example Of Stakeholder Management1725 Words   |  7 PagesA GOOD EXAMPLE OF STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT Thompson (2013), states stakeholder engagement is an important discipline that successful people use to win support from others. Good leaders are disciplined in understanding all the stakeholders and this has a direct benefit on the organizations bottom-line. It takes a high level of engagement on the leaders’ part in order to make and maintain connects with internal and external stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a case study on WesternRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communication : Creative Strategy1461 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand and advertise companies. This paper will examine IMC utilizing three concepts from Robyn Blakeman’s text, Integrated Marketing Communication: Creative Strategy, juxtaposed to case studies from Applegate and Johnsen’s text, Cases in Adversiting Marketing Management, as well as tie in concepts from Michael Serazio’s, Your Ad Here, in order to create a detailed examination on IMC. This examination includes consi dering the functions of IMC in relation to a marketplace example to offer an analysis

Madness Free Essays

By definition, ‘madness’ correlates to one or something which is mad. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘mad’ as: â€Å"1. mentally deranged; insane. We will write a custom essay sample on Madness or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. senseless; foolish. 3. angry; resentful. 4. wildly enthusiastic (about) or fond (of). 5. extremely excited or confused; frantic. 6. wildly exuberant. 7. temporarily overpowered by violent reactions, emotions, etc.†[1] The word ‘mad’ has come to mean something as frivolous as over-excitement, or enthusiasm, to something as serious as a question of sanity. In today’s culture and society, madness has even been used as the moniker of a zany ska-pop band, and it is used in reference to a neurodegenerative disease in bovine – or Mad Cow Disease, but which came first: the emotion, or the level of sanity? When did it become readily acceptable that madness was not only a state of mind, but also a quantifier for enthusiasm? In order to understand the root of the term ‘madness’, we need to go back to its roots.   The word ‘mad’, according to dictionaries, is from before 900 A.D. and derives from Middle English vernacular for ‘madden’, and Old English ‘gemÇ £dan’, or to make mad; akin to mad, foolish.[2]   Even within the mid-centuries, the term signified a sense of foolhardy action, or senselessness. Perhaps it is this basis, and association with profound behavior which led the word to become synonymous with mental disorders. Literature often alludes to the cultural influences of an era. Many poets through the centuries have suggested that inspiration comes to them; that their works are often not their own, but those of a muse. According to Tracy K. Smith, one such poet, Federico Garcà ­a Lorca, believes that it is to the ‘duende’ which inspiration comes: â€Å"Unlike the Muse or Angel, which exist beyond or above the poet, the duende sleeps deep within the poet, and asks to be awakened and wrestled, often at great cost.†[3] This illusionary ‘demon’ is often how madness and mental disorders were diagnosed. In the early Middle Ages, possession and demonic pranksters were often considered the reason for madness, or early cases of schizophrenia. We have come along way, though, in learning and discovered that mental disorders may lead one into madness, but they are not caused by anger or emotion. The substitution of definition for ‘madness’ had become a readily acceptable practice by the 1300s; an era also known for the bubonic plague. Many medical doctors had come alongside playwrights and poets in the use of the term. Mental health asylums had become wide-spread institutions across Europe. This isn’t to say they didn’t exist prior, but in correlation to the use of language, it plays a strong significance that mental health and ‘going mad’ would be considered synonyms at this time. It is perhaps unsurprising that Dante’s Divine Comedy speaks of madness in similar ‘medical’ terms in Canto XXX: When vanish’d the two furious shades, on whom Mine eye was held, I turn’d it back to view The other cursed spirits[4] In this Canto, Dante witnesses ‘insanity’ as the punishment of those who chose to deceive throughout history and myth. Language is constantly changing and developing as the society which uses it continues to evolve and change. In this millennium, we have readily accepted the use of ‘madness’ to refer to foolish, excitable enthusiasm; as well as temporary insanity or related to anger. Originally, perhaps it is to be considered this was not always the case, with the term referring more to a senseless activity, or akin to a jester’s antics. In time, physical attributes of certain mental disorders have leaned the word towards references of questionable sanity. Coupled with the use for anger, it has developed into today’s known definition. BIBLIOGRAPHY _. Oxford English Dictionary Oxford UP., Standard Edition, 2000.    _. mad. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mad (accessed: September 15, 2007).    Alighieri, D., Canto XXX, The Divine Comedy. The Harvard Classics.   1909–14.   (available: http://www.bartleby.com/20/130.html )    Smith, Tracy, K., Survival in Two Worlds at Once: Federico Garcia Lorca and Duende The Academy of American Poets, 2007. (available at: http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5898 ) [1] Oxford English Dictionary, p.793-794 [2] mad. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mad (accessed: September 15, 2007). [3] The Spanish poet, Federico Garcà ­a Lorca, named the keeper of that space the duende—daemon (Tracy Smith, 2007). [4] Canto XXX, lines 47-49. How to cite Madness, Essay examples

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Driving Organizational Success for Multinational Companies in Oil/Mining Industry free essay sample

ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN OIL/MINING INDUSTRY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degrees Masters in Business Administration Lecturer: Eileen OLeary 2010 By: Albertus Rendy Buntaran (S3264165) Executive Summary This paper provides a broad definition of ethical behavior and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the competitive world of oil and mining industries of today. It is also acknowledged that factors behind both ethics and CSR are evolving and therefore, the factors for both ethics and CSR are defined for three different periods. The first period will focus on early 2000 when Enron failed and caused major shift in the world of ethics, during this period, the main factor is commitment and that was the only thing. Commitment for ethical conducts and CSR came with minor implementation. The second period is in present times, where ethics and CSR have already taken place in most of oil and mining corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Driving Organizational Success for Multinational Companies in Oil/Mining Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The establishment of Global Reporting Initiative has defined the standardized framework for reporting. Moreover, corporations start to involved in their commitment. Many corporations are extensively using their ethics and CSR concepts as the basis in driving their organizational success. The future is yet to be challenging as the concept of sustainable development emerged as the new goal in relation with CSR and ethics. Each factor is presented with in depth discussion and evaluation to see how it drives organizational success. There are also some study cases included to see how the output of discussion and evaluation applied in the practical world. ii Table of Contents ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 1 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW 1 ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN OIL/MINING INDUSTRY .. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY II TABLE OF CONTENTS. III INTRODUCTION.. 1 iii Introduction In todays world of oil and mining industries, many corporations are striving to be more ethical and socially responsible. Initiated by the Enron scandal in 2001 and the rising concern for the environment in both past and present situation, many more companies worldwide now acknowledge the importance of ethical practices and CSR as part of their business operations to reach organizational success. Although movements towards both subjects are getting better, the factor behind it changes as the business world evolves from one stage to another. While corporations are intensively trying to improve its viability and accountability, another challenge for the future is already waiting ahead toward the sustainable ethical operations and CSR programs. Furthermore, there is already established reporting standards and methods to assists corporations such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework. However, a critical supporting factor that used to be forgotten which is leadership is also needed in order to ensure that efforts being performed by those corporations are happening not because they are being pushed to do that, but rather because it is what they as a corporation wants, integrated as a part of its system. 1 Aim This paper aims to assess the factors of ethical practice and adoption of CSR in driving organizational success for multinational companies in oil and mining industries during the past in early 2000, current situation and overlook how these will be in the future. Factors Nowadays, the more appropriate question needs to be answered is no longer to what extent should a corporation include the society in their business operation but how to do it and use it as the river for organizational success (Epstein et al, 2006). In recent years, ethics and social responsibility have been playing an important role in the business world including in oil and mining industries . The pressure towards society and ethical conducts are higher than ever. Although every oil and mining multinational corporations economic missions are acknowledged, it is now their responsibility also to address public concerns. Oil and mining industries are known as the subject of scrutiny and bad press related with ethics and CSR concerns (Lins Horwitz, 2007). The interest on CSR and ethics are always fore-fronted to the mining and oil corporations (Kapelus, 2009). The idea was developed since a long time ago, where multinational corporations are demanded to provide community development packages and assistance to their host communities (Amaewhule, 1997). Every business person, regardless their position in the hierarchy, company geographic details or even its products and services are now facing the same challenge which is how to define their corporation role for the society. Many corporation scandals that took place during 2000 period have changed the whole shape of business ethics in a very significant ways. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been going around the business communities for a long time. The concept, strategies, implementation and output have been discussed in the past few years. Oil and mining multinational corporations have been pressured to take into account the effect of their operations to the society surrounding. In present situation, corporations are now challenged on how to combine society issues into their system while at the same time also needs to keep their conducts ethical in everyone perspectives. The factor behind both ethics and CSR are also varying as time moves on. In the past, ethics has been discovered as a commitment, where nowadays it is assumed that most corporations are involved putting their commitment into reality. The future factor will concentrate over the concept of sustainable development which surfaced in 1980s (Mitchell, 2009). To further understand the dimensions of sustainable development concepts, Dr. Walter Wehrmeyer (2000) developed what is called as â€Å"Sustainability Triangle† which clearly provides birds eye view on how the concept correlates with other environments. 3 Figure 1. 0 Sustainability Triangle Source : Corporate Social Responsibility in 2000 by Dr. Walter Wehrmeyer In the globalization era, oil and mining corporations are arguably if not the most profitable sectors in the worldwide market nowadays. Big corporations such as Enron, Exxon, BP and BHP Billiton are all experienced with both ethics and CSR issues. In historical perspective, CSR concepts can be traced for a long time ago but since it was unwritten, it was not formally recognized until the twentieth century through the works such as Chester Barnard’s The Functions of the Executive in 1938, J. M. Clark’s Social Control of Business in 1939, and Theodore Kreps’s Measurement of the Social Performance of Business in 1940 (Epstein et al, 2006). Furthermore, the concept of business ethics could even traced back further into the religious period. Since their inception, the world’s great religions have been preaching the need for ethics in business† (Mitchell, 2009). Moreover, the concept can be traced back into the past where it can then be proven through the warning against greasing the wheels with cash, states: â€Å"Thou shall take no bribe, for a bribe blinds the officials and subverts th e cause of those who are in the right† (Exodus 23: 6-8). In people perspective, oil and, mining companies are somewhat a potential cause of major environmental and social 4 issues. Production wastes that are not managed well can destroy the surrounding environment and eventually lead to social problems. There are events that have proven how multinational oil and mining companies faced problems because of their lack of care to the environment. However, during the 2000 era, such consciousness was not high enough. Most companies know how important both CSR and ethics were, but their commitment were not followed by involvement and any action. Take Newmont Nusa Tenggara (NNT) in Indonesia as an example. In 2002, the corporation was accused to be involved in an attack designated to a group of women who studied the ethical conducts and environment impacts of their business operations (Welker, 2009). It was clear that during the past, corporations still think that neither ethics nor CSR are important factors that were beneficial to their success. During this period, there was nothing more could be expected from the corporations rather than just a commitment which was written as a policy but not really done as an action. In the current situation, many corporations have been involved in both ethics and CSR conducts. They started to realize that as the world becoming more modern, concerns for both ethics and CSR are inevitable and rather than just another commitment, it must be implemented. If we ever visited every or some major oil and mining multinational corporations’ websites nowadays, we can easily find a dedicated section that reports their concerns for society and act of ethical conduct. BP, Exxon, Shell and even developing countries corporations such as Malaysian Petronas or Indonesian Pertamina are providing reports related with their social activities. Ethical conducts are also being embraced after the fall of Enron in 2001 where Enron’s image was in tatters and its stock price had plummeted nearly to zero (Healy Palepu, 2003). In the world of globalization, governments all over all the world have put in place the regulation that ensure every oil and mining corporations to have an ethical conduct and social responsibility program. However, we all need to always take into account that government is no longer as strong as it is. Nowadays, more than 50% of 100 leading corporations are private rather than state-owned (Bomann-Larsen Oddny, 2004). This means that involvement from each corporation will play an important role to define the organizational success both internal and external rather than depending on governments because states are no longer central players in the business world. Implementing ethical operations and CSR are beneficial if they can get more involved rather than just a commitment. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that nowadays â€Å"entire executive team are expected to become actively involved in the community as part of their leadership 5 development where it helps build a vibrant company where people can feel good about what they do and where they live† (Wright et al, 2008). Though it is difficult to find any evidence that CSR and ethics have really put many oil and mining corporations into a larger success level, it has been discussed that the connections between both concepts with organizational success are actually exists. Mitchell (2009), stated that â€Å"Finding a solid, clearly-defined direct link between ethical behavior and increased profits or shareholder value is the Holy Grail of academic research on the subject but companies that make a clear commitment to ethics in their annual reports have a higher share value than competitors that do not†. Does this mean all of oil and mining corporations with high stock price and profits already on the right direction to meet its social expectations not to mention also being ethical in their business operations? There has been no definitive answer to this question, but nor oil neither mining corporations can survive without support from the local community and therefore it is important factor to achieve organizational success. The upcoming future of both ethics and CSR in oil and mining industries is yet to come. The next development goal is already defined which is to achieve sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined as â€Å"a balanced approach for organizations to address economic, social and environment issues in a way that aims to benefit people, communities and society† (WCED, 1987). Moreover, defined future goal is not seen enough, there are options on how sustainability should be, corporations may not always looking for a strong one, they always have an option to go for a weak sustainability, which is easier to achieved. Oil and mining corporations are the main players of these concepts because their businesses focus on natural capital. â€Å"Natural capital is believed as the center of sustainability as many components of natural capital are living beings or results of life, like coal or crude oil† (Ott, 2003). The movement towards the goal has started from early 2000 when Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), an organization with network based members. GRI provides the internationally recognized reports guidelines for sustainability development and currently is the most developed. â€Å"Sustainability reporting has become critical for companies. It is important for companies to build the trust and confidence of its stakeholders and it is expected of companies today to report on the sustainability issues pertinent to its business† (Hill, 2007). Although the idea was already established a long time ago, based on the GRI Reports List (2010), only Kingsgate as the mining industry representative and Woodside Petroleum as the oil industry representative that are included in the list. Based on the research 6 done by Australian Center for Corporate Social Responsibility (ACCSR), oil industry scored lower on their CSR capabilities in 2009 compared to 2008, while mining industries are able to get higher score in 2009 compared to the previous year (ACCSR , 2009). These facts show that the involvement of many multinational corporations in their ethics and CSR programs are simply not enough. John Elkington (1994) introduced what is now known as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). The concept suggested that â€Å"By preparing and disseminating TBL statements, an organization conveys an image of concern and sensitivity to the three dimensions of societal responsibility: economic, environmental, and social† (Brown et al, 2006). The TBL framework is also being endorsed by GRI as the basis of sustainability development. However, none of the aforementioned concepts matter when strong leadership is missing. The realizations of any concepts are always in need for a strong leadership not only from business side but also regulatory side. The leadership is a very important key factor, GRI has also calls on governments to take leadership by requiring all corporations to comply with the sustainability reporting framework (GRI, 2009). In terms of an example, Indonesian Government is one of the best examples in the world. In 2007, Indonesia took an initial step to make CSR Reporting compulsory and must be implemented in three months time to proof that the plan is operable (Kiroyan, 2007). These rules are included in a law passed by the legislation. During that time, Indonesia is the only government in the world to have such regulation and soon followed by other nations. In the globalization era and the pressure from society are high, this is where a leader comes in. The businesses most likely to succeed are whose leader able to incorporate values into their decision making and execution process, seek to balance conflicting interests and concerns (Palazzi Starcher, 2006). Enron fall in 2001 is a sample where a corporation lacks of leadership. The idea of leadership as the basis of both ethics and CSR has been misunderstood as the ability to direct people into a particular direction. However, this view is not entirely right, rather than pushing the people or employees into doing the right thing, leadership is about make people want to do the right thing, in the right way. A lot of oil and mining corporations are now struggling to empower this into their system. Because achieving sustainability development is not targeted for the leaders, but also all employees and other stakeholders. Effective leadership that distributed throughout the entire corporations system created leadership cultures are self-sustaining (Painter-Morland, 2008). This challenge is also applied to any other corporations in the 7 world, because ethics and CSR are so abstract, it is impossible to narrow the applicability of it into just the mining and oil industries. In short summary, the variation of factors that contribute to the development of ethics and CSR are not mutually excursive. They should be combined to reach the maximum effort. When are the corporations expected to have successfully implemented the sustainable development? American Management Association (2007) believes that the movement will reach will eventually start to reach its peak on 2017 given the current condition. In current situation, â€Å"the growth of social and environmental costs and corporate managers’ recognition that they need to better manage corporate social and environmental impacts have dramatically increased the demand for both internal and external social and environmental reports† (Epstein Marc, 2008). The future does not want another Exxon-Valdez incident, where unethical and irresponsibility incident happened. Furthermore, that incident was a result of their lack of leadership, one absolute factor that almost every executive fail to address and recognize. The Enron executives used the five mechanisms to reinforce a culture that was morally flexible, opening the door to ethics degeneration, lying, cheating, and stealing (Sims, 2003). In hope of a better future, oil and mining corporations are now striving to reach the sustainability. Moreover, they also should never ignore that strong leadership is always an important basis to reach that goal. Incorporate both the act of ethical operations and excellent CSR program with good leadership together, it is not impossible to reach the goal. 8 Conclusion On the whole, it can be concluded that factors of both ethics and CSR in three different periods are changing but not mutually exclusive. During the early millennium era which was in 2000, ethics and CSR main factor was commitment. In that period, most oil and mining corporations are already had a commitment about both subjects, but the fall of Enron showed that there was nothing more than just a commitment. Corporations never really put into account how important ethical conducts and CSR in driving their organizational success. In current period, we have seen a better involvement of corporations in the implementation of their ethics and CSR programs. They started to adopt the GRI standard report format to keep the public informed of their activities. The challenge for the future is already started from a long time ago, which goal is to reach sustainability. While the oil and mining corporations are developing into reaching the goal, there is another supporting factor that plays an important role which is strong leadership. There is a vision already that believes the year of 2017 is the tipping point where sustainable development will be mature and eventually reach its peak. In order to fulfill that vision, those aforementioned factors combined with strong leadership are believed to be the key driving forces in oil and mining multinational corporations to reach their organizational success. 9 References ‘A Global Study of Current Trends and Possibilities 2007-2017’ 2007, American Management Association. Retrieved March 28th, 2010 Adams, W. M. , 2006, ‘The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development In The Twenty-First Century’. Retrieved from IUCN. Alizar, AM Scott, R 2009, ‘Offshore Mining: Working at the Local Level to Support Sustainable Mining’, Canadian Mining Journal, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 24-25. Retrieved March 26th, 2010, from Proquest. Amaewhule J. 1997. The Global Compact: Origin, Operations, Progress, Challenges. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, vol. 11, pp. 35-49. 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The Question by Henri Alleg essays

The Question by Henri Alleg essays Henri Allegs, The Question, provides a first hand yet unsentimental account of (Pg.vii) of the torture inflicted upon him in Algeria as a result of his involvement with the Algerian National Liberation Movement. The candid and unembellished nature of Allegs account allows it to transcend the question of French treatment of the Algerians and all who stood in their favor and moves on to question the very nature of humanity; which is why the power of the account still resonates. Torture is after all an act of imposing pain, be it physical or psychological and takes its toll on both the tortured and the torturer. It is hard to decide which is more devastating, the brutality described in The Question or the apathy mixed with misplaced admiration for the ability to withstand torture-instead of the appropriate response of sympathy-within the French Army. Because Alleg only narrates his experience without interweaving any political argument he allows the readers the liberty to form their own conclusions on the political situation in Algeria. He appeals to the readers humanity, eliciting a stronger response, that of outrage. Furthermore, this sentiment of outrage is compounded by the disbelief that comes with knowing that the very people who have become torturers were tortured only fifteen years prior. That the very people who had been tortured and persecuted by the Gestapo were now the people who proudly called themselves the Gestapo to establish the intensity of torture they perpetrate. (Pg. 47) This only adds to the value of the book and explains the impact it had in France it appeals to each and every person with the slightest sense of clemency. More than anything, he argues that employment of torture as a means of interrogation is wrong and that this statement stands regardless of ones socio-political beliefs. The Question is a particularly valuable source of information because it ...

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910–December 18, 1995) earned the semi-official title of inventor of the modern computer for his series of automatic calculators, which he invented to help with his lengthy engineering calculations. Zuse  modestly dismissed the title, though, praising the inventions of his contemporaries and successors as being equally- if not more- important than his own. Fast Facts: Konrad Zuse Known For: Inventor of the first electronic, fully programmable digital computers, and a programming languageBorn: June 22, 1910 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, GermanyParents: Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and Maria Crohn ZuseDied: December 18, 1995 in Hà ¼nfeld (near Fulda), GermanySpouse: Gisela Ruth BrandesChildren: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse Early Life Konrad Zuse was born on June 22, 1910, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany, and was the second of the two children of the Prussian civil servant and postal officer Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and his wife Maria Crohn Zuse. Konrads sister was named Lieselotte. He attended a series of grammar schools and briefly considered a career in art, but he eventually enrolled at the  Technical College (Technischen Hochschule) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, graduating with a degree in civil engineering in 1935. After graduation, he started work as a design engineer at the Henschel Flugzeugwerke (Henschel aircraft factory) in Berlin-Schà ¶nefeld. He resigned a year later after deciding to devote his life entirely to the construction of a computer, work that he pursued relentlessly between 1936 and 1964. The Z1 Calculator   One of the most difficult aspects of performing large calculations with slide rules or mechanical adding machines is keeping track of all the intermediate results and using them in their proper place during the later steps of the calculation. Zuse wanted to overcome that difficulty.  He realized that an automatic calculator would require three basic elements: a control, a memory, and a calculator for the arithmetic. Zuse made a mechanical calculator called the Z1 in 1936. This was the first binary computer. He used it to explore several groundbreaking technologies in calculator development: floating-point arithmetic, high-capacity memory, and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle.   Electronic, Fully Programmable Digital Computers Zuses ideas were not fully implemented in the Z1  but they succeeded more with each Z prototype. Zuse completed the Z2,  the first fully functioning electro-mechanical computer in 1939,  and the Z3 in 1941. The Z3 used recycled materials donated by fellow university staff and students. It was the worlds first electronic, fully programmable digital computer based on a binary floating-point number and a  switching system. Zuse used old movie film to store his programs and data for the Z3 instead of paper tape or punched cards. Paper was in short supply in Germany during the war. According to The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse by Horst Zuse: In 1941, the Z3 contained almost all the features of a modern computer as defined by John von Neumann and his colleagues in 1946. The only exception was the ability to store the program in the memory together with the data. Konrad Zuse did not implement this feature in the Z3 because his 64-word memory was too small to support this mode of operation. Due to the fact that he wanted to calculate thousands of instructions in a meaningful order, he only used the memory to store values or numbers. The block structure of the Z3 is very similar to a modern computer. The Z3 consisted of separate units, such as a punch tape reader, control unit, floating-point arithmetic unit, and input/output devices.† Marriage and Family In 1945, Zuse married one of his employees, Gisela Ruth Brandes. They had five children: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse. The First Algorithmic Programming Language Zuse wrote the first algorithmic programming language in 1946. He called it Plankalkà ¼l and used it to program his computers. He wrote the worlds first chess-playing program using Plankalkà ¼l. The Plankalkà ¼l language included arrays and records and used a style of assignment- storing the value of an expression in a variable- in which the new value appears in the right column. An array is a collection of identically typed data items distinguished by their indices or subscripts,† such as  A[i,j,k], in which A is the array name and ​i, j, and k are the indices. Arrays are best when accessed in an unpredictable order. This is in contrast to lists, which are best when accessed sequentially. World War II Zuse was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work for a computer based on electronic valves. The Germans thought they were close to winning the war and felt no need to support further research. The Z1 through Z3 models were shuttered, along with Zuse Apparatebau, the first computer company that Zuse formed in 1940. Zuse left for Zurich to finish his work on the Z4, which he smuggled from Germany in a military truck by hiding it in stables en route to Switzerland. He completed and installed the Z4 in the Applied Mathematics Division of Zurichs Federal Polytechnical Institute, where it remained in use until 1955.   The Z4 had a mechanical memory with a capacity of 1,024 words and several card readers. Zuse no longer had to use movie film to store programs since  he could now use punch cards. The Z4 had punches and various facilities to enable flexible programming, including address translation and conditional branching.   Zuse moved back to Germany in 1949 to form a second company called Zuse KG for the construction and marketing of his designs. Zuse rebuilt models of the Z3 in 1960 and the Z1 in 1984. Death and Legacy Konrad Zuse died on December 18, 1995, of a heart attack, in Hà ¼nfeld, Germany.  His innovations of fully working programmable calculators and a language to run it have established him as one of the innovators leading to the computing industry. Sources Dalakov, Georgi. Biography of Konrad Zuse. History of Computers.  1999.Zuse, Horst. Konrad Zuse- Biography. Konrad Zuse Homepage.  2013.Zuse, Konrad. The Computer, My Life. Trans. McKenna, Patricia and J. Andrew Ross. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Role of Individuals in Historical Thought Essay

Role of Individuals in Historical Thought - Essay Example With the progress of history, the intensifying and expansion of historical efforts, and the advancement of ‘science, technology and society’ a great number individuals take part in historical happenings and every person plays a ‘mounting role’ in the historical course and boosts his involvement to the ‘treasure store’ of material as well as religious way of life. The inventive action of the person is especially great within communist society where there are encouraging environment for free of charge labour and activity in different fields of social existence (Plekhanov, p. 32, 2003). Individuals, not Forces, make History Great individuals do not emerge accidentally but through historical requirement, when the resultant objective circumstances are ready. Exceptional leaders arrive at the forefront during a phase of fundamental radical alterations within society, political activities and known revolts. People of intellect appear in science usually when invention needs some outstanding scientific breakthrough. Exceptional artists, most of the time, show their flair on the most important ‘turning points in history’. In addition, a brilliant individual will go down in history simply if the general public requires his aptitude, temperament and intelligence on a particular phase of its progress. The leaders of the working class and all the waged people - such as Marx, Engels and Lenin - were wonderful individuals who left a profound mark on history. They were leaders of a â€Å"qualitatively new type† (Plekhanov, p. 51, 2003), impressive scholars and controller of the best faction of the public, the radical association of the working class. They had pledge and valour, unwavering personal belief in the impartiality of the socialist reasons, affection for the individuals and extreme dislike for their opponents. They were strongly connected with the public, trained them and in turn gained knowledge from the publi c, taking a broader view of their â€Å"rich revolutionary experience† (Limaye, p. 193, 1986). Lately, Oakeshott's efforts have been described as a ‘reformulation’ of moderation, one which attempts to free it of the conventionally main policies of â€Å"materialism, economism, and utilitarianism† (Limaye, p. 221, 1986). His individualism is known to be a systematically ‘Hegelian’ dismissal of the usual exact assumptions causing the materialist belief. Oakeshott is quoted mostly for having symbolically explained human activity along with interaction as dialogue. Ironically, a number of political philosophers fail to notice Oakeshott's added declaration that the persistent obsession with particular activities has in fact facilitated in making the general discussion of humanity relatively uninteresting.â€Å"Philosophy, on the other hand, is also effectively conversational; it is unusually conversable† (Limaye, p. 291, 1986). Oakeshottâ₠¬â„¢s formation of history is possibly more an issue of ‘modesty than of nihilism’. For Oakeshott, history’ as it is generally considered is a vague phrase, exemplifying two separate thoughts. First, there is the estimated sum of the existence of humankind, or the course of - in some way related - happenings inside this human account. This is a ‘past com prised’ of real historical happenings as well as individuals by actual historical performers; it is they, who make history, not the historians. Oakeshott argues that as it imagines history as a helpful collection of evidence to be mastered; this is not an appropriately

Healing Hospital and Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healing Hospital and Spirituality - Essay Example Today, most hospitals promote medical healing and spiritual nourishment in the treatment of patients. The primary concern of this paper is to outline the relationship between components of a healing hospital and spirituality. The paper will also major on the biblical aspects supporting a healing hospital and the challenges faced in creating a healing environment. Setting up a healing hospital goes beyond the physical structure of the institution. Remarkably, modern healing facilities focus on key components relating to spirituality in the process of providing quality healthcare. A healing physical health care setting focuses on constructing an environment that helps patients and kins cope with the pressures of sickness. That is attainable by ensuring the patients’ connection to nature through customization of physical and built structural features (Huisman et al., 2012). A healing physical environment is quiet to allow patients to have sound and uninterrupted sleep, for instance. The body performs most healing when the patients are asleep. Because of that, the component ensures that noise is reduced to the lowest levels by fitting silencers (Seifert & Hickman, 2005). Facilities such as cleaning machines should not generate noise to the surrounding environment. Quiet environments allow patients to engage in spiritual practices like med itation and prayer. These practices foster social support to the patient reduce anxiety, depression and encourage relaxation that is essential for the patient’s recovery. Integration of a work design and technology is a key component of a healing health institution. A majority of modern health centers have single rooms that give patients privacy when in prayer sessions. Technological advanced equipment such as sky-light system provide in-room entertainment allowing patients tune to spiritual songs and watch healing programs that are significant for their recovery. A number of hospitals

speech from FDR in our perspective :: essays research papers

F.D.R. Speech Announcer: We interrupt you regular broadcasting, for an urgent word from your president. F.D.R.: Good evening fellow Americans. I speak to you tonight about an urgent issue. I have recently met with my council and advisors on the events in Europe. Japan, Germany and Italy have become axis powers, in the fight to defeat our ally, Great Britain. Together the axis powers have over-thrown much of Western Europe. We have passed the "cash-and-carry" on order to help Great Britain, by supplying when with weapon and such needed for their win. Recently, Britain has run out of cash to pay for our supplies. I have been informed that it may not be possibly for America to remain neutral in this war. In case of the axis powers defeating Great Britain; it is possibly that they may not stop there. There is a chance that Germany, Japan and Italy will extend their fight to the western hemisphere, capturing the US into their power and over-throwing democracy. We, the American people can not sit back and watch these three nations over-power this continent or the continent of Europe. We must fight for our people. We must fight for democracy. These axis powers are three powerful armies combined, and it is our belief that Great Britain can not defeat them single-handedly. We have tried to remain neutral and only supply Britain with supplies, as long as they pay cash and carry it home on their own ships. Now, this is not longer possible. German U-boats are constantly attacking Britain's supply ships, preventing supplies from getting there. Also, Britain no longer has the money to pay for these supplies. In entering this war, we could help Great Britain defeat these three powerful nations, and prevent the Untied States from future threat. In current meetings with advisors a plan has been made to ease the US into this war. Over a year ago, a selective training and service act was signed, established a peacetime draft, in preparation for this time. Germany has conquered many countries in Western Europe, including: Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland and France. Soon after Italy joined Germany in the fight to take over Europe, Romania, Greece and Yugoslavia fell into the hands of Hitler and Missolini. In January of this year, the Lend-Lease Act was passed. This allows the United States the right to sell or lend war materials to countries fighting Germany, Japan and Italy.

Former Smokers And Non Smokers Health And Social Care Essay

Smoking surcease or baccy surcease can be defined as wide scope of enterprises that assist current tobacco users to decrease their smoke wont ( Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2001 ) . However, in another context, smoking surcease is defined as assortment types of aid and intervention that can be offered by wellness practicians including doctor and druggist straight to tobacco users in order to help them to discontinue or cut down smoke ( Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2001 ) . In Malaysia, there are a broad scope of smoking surcease aid provided such as pharmacotherapy like Nicotine Replacement Therapy ( NRT ) and bupropion, quit smoke clinic in which about 300 quit clinics can be available about in every territory in Malaysia, infoline, quitline and educational stuff such as posting, booklet and brochure ( Samsudin et al. , 2008 ) . Many smoking surcease programmes, schemes and runs were conducted in this state in order to increase people knowledge on bad hazards of smoke and to i nform them assorted sorts of aids available to assist them cut down smoking wellness hazards and to halt smoke. However, to guarantee effectivity, we have to supervise their cognition whether they are better informed and understand or non. Some people may hold incorrect information on this. Some may hold the cognition, but they do non transform it into belief. Some did non have information on this. Therefore, this could be a barrier for them to discontinue smoke or to cut down smoking wellness hazards. Although there are many smoking surcease schemes and programmes held in this state, there are still a batch of people that have information missing sing the bad hazards of smoke and smoke surcease available in Malaysia. However, there are some people that think that they have adequately informed about smoke, but many of them, really have a incorrect information or misperception on this. For illustration, some tobacco users have misperception that nicotine is the primary cause of tobacco-related wellness job. As a effect, this misperception on nicotine may do them to afraid in sing the use of nicotine replacing therapy in discontinuing smoke.1.2 AimsThe chief aims of this research are to find the differences in the degree of cognition between current tobacco users, former tobacco users and non-smokers in Universiti Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) Puncak Alam and Shah Alam on smoking wellness hazard and smoking surcease aid available in Malaysia, to find the relationship among demographic and smoke position variables and the different cognition indices and to find the relationship among different degree of dependence of current tobacco users and the different cognition indices.1.3 SignificanceThe consequence of this survey will help the effectiveness attack of the current smoke surcease schemes and programmes held by authorities and non-government establishment to increase cognition and to supply more information on the jeopardies of smoke and smoke surcease aid available in Malaysia.1.4 HypothesisThere are significance differences in the degree of cognition on smoking wellness hazards and smoking surcease between current tobacco users, former tobacco users and non tobacco users and besides between different demographics, smoking position and degree of dependence of current tobacco users. Former tobacco users and current tobacco users that believe will halt smoke following twelvemonth, that of all time use any of the smoke surcease aid and that have low degree of nicotin e dependence will be more knowing on the wellness hazards of smoke and smoke surcease aid provided in Malaysia.Chapter TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Prevalence of smokePresently, approximately 1.3 billion people smoke and more than five million people die globally as a consequence of smoke every twelvemonth ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) . In the bulk of high-income states, there is a important decrease in baccy ingestion ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For illustration, the prevalence of smoke among Americans in the United States of America had reduced from 40 per centum in 1964 to 23 per centum in 1997 ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . However, in developing states including Malaysia, there is contrast prevalence with high-income states in which there is an addition in baccy ingestion ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In Malaysia, there is an addition in the prevalence of smoke among grownups aged 15 old ages and above from 21 per centum in 1985 to 31 per centum in 2000 ( Disease Co ntrol Division, 2003 ) . Current tobacco users constitute five per centum of all grownup females and 49 per centum of all grownup males ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . As the population grows, the prevalence of tobacco users will go on to increase ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In Malaysia, there are about five million tobacco users in which each of them is utilizing an norm of 14 coffin nails daily ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . From this prevalence, 90 per centum comprise of male ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Whereas, the prevalence of smoke among adults age 18 and above in Malaysia that is obtained from three National Health and Morbidity studies which have been conducted since 1986 were more than 20 per centum, 21.5 per centum in 1986, 24.8 per centum in 1996 and 22.8 per centum in 2006 ( Lim et al.,2009 ) . In China, there are more than 70 per centum of all Chinese, or more than 600 million Chinese people are often exposed to secondhand fume or inactive fume ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) .2.2 Chemicals Contained in CigaretteCigarettes are the simply marketed consumable merchandise in which when it is used as intended, it may take to the decease of half or more of its users ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Corelli & A ; Hudmon ( 2009 ) , coffin nails are carefully engineered preparations that optimize the nicotine bringing, in which nicotine is a chemical that meets the feature for an habit-forming substance. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are identified to show in big sums i n baccy fume and are accountable for most drug interactions with smoke ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Other substances in baccy fume such as pyridines, benzine, propanone, nicotine, heavy metals and C monoxide might look to hold less important effects to interact with hepatic enzymes ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) .2.3 PathophysiologyTobacco smoke is accountable for about 80 per centum of lung malignant neoplastic disease instances ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . Exposure to environmental baccy fume is the most common etiology that can take to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . Inhalation of harmful atoms and gases into the human organic structure may trip the activation of macrophages, neutrophils and CD8+ lymph cells ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . As a consequence of this activation, a assortment of chemical go-betweens such as leukotriene B4, tumour mortification factor-I ± and interleukin-8 are released and eventually, lead to widespread destructive changes in the air passages, lung parenchyma and besides pneumonic vasculature ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . In add-on, oxidant gases and other substances in the coffin nail fume are believed to excite a hypercoaguble province identified by elevated thrombocyte collection and thrombosis, taking to elevated hazard of myocardial infarction and sudden decease ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Whereas, the C monoxide in contained in coffin nail fume decreases the measure of O available to weave and organ including myocardial tissue, therefore diminishing the threshold of ventricular fibrillation ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . It could besides rush coronary artery disease through its effects on serum lipoids, as a consequence, tobacco users have a inclination toward higher degrees of entire cholesterin, triglycerides, LDL-C and lower HDL-C compared to nonsmokers ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . The increased degrees of inflammatory go-betweens caused by smoke may besides lend to atherosclerosis ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Whereas, the initiation of neurotransmitters release including adrenaline and noradrenaline caused by smoke may heighten myocardial work load and trigger coronary vasoconstriction that can take to arrhythmias, ischaemia and sudden decease ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Addiction of nicotine is one signifier of chronic encephalon unwellness that consequences from alterations in encephalon chemical science ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . The rapid soaking up of nicotine contained in baccy merchandises and their transition across the blood-brain barrier contributes to its habit-forming nature ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Nicotine can make the encephalon merely within seconds by inspiration of coffin nail fume ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . After being absorbed, nicotine stimulates a widespread of cardinal nervous system, cardiovascular and metabolic effects and induces several neurotransmitters release such as Dopastat, hence stimulates the immediate feelings of pleasance, together with alleviation of the nicotine backdown symptoms ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . The celerity of this dose response reinforces repeated drug disposal and perpetuates the smoke behaviour ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Chronic nicotine disposal has been proven to ensue in a higher sum of nicotine receptors in specific compartment in the encephalon and this is believed to qualify upregulation in response to nicotine-mediated desensitisation of the receptors and it play a undertaking in tolerance and dependance of nicotine ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Unusually, the tobacco user experiences marked pharmacologic effects, particularly arousal, after smoking the first coffin nail of the twenty-four hours ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . There are no other coffin nails throughout the twenty-four hours that will bring forth the similar grade of rousing ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Because of this, many tobacco users express the first coffin nail as the most important one of the twenty-four hours ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) .2.4 Hazards and Effectss of Smoking on HealthIn Malaysia, smoke is responsible for one out of every five deceases that occur in this state ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Consistent and convincing grounds associating the usage of baccy with several of serious cardiovascular, neoplastic and pneumonic diseases has been provided by many cohort surveies, case-control surveies, and other informations beginnings ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Smoke is recognized to rush the coronary artery disease proced ure, which will contributes to the chronic cardiovascular disease such as congestive bosom failure, coronary bosom disease, aortal aneurism, and cerebrovascular disease ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . By smoking, it may besides increases the hazard for developing acute cardiovascular events such as shot, sudden decease and myocardial infarction ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . In United States, lung malignant neoplastic disease is the taking cause of cancer-related mortality for both sexes ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Secondhand smoke or inactive fume exposure may besides lend to several diseases among nonsmoking kids and grownups ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Pregnant adult females are besides vulnerable to smoking wellness hazard. Exposure to nicotine contained in the coffin nail fume can take to increase of ectopic gestation, low birth weight, increased hazard of self-generated abortion, and sweetening in perinatal mortality, aortal blood flow and bosom rate and decreased uterine blood flow and external respiration have been reported in the foetus ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Prenatal smoke is responsible for about 18 per centum of instances of low birth weight and moreover, it can besides heighten hazard of respiratory distress syndrome, premature bringing and sudden baby decease syndrome ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . The most strongly documented inauspicious consequence of smoking during gestation is intrauterine growing deceleration ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In patients with lung, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, which are successfully treated, but continue to smoke, hold a higher hazard for 2nd malignant neoplastic disease ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) .2.5 Smoking surcease aids and intercessionIn order to diminish mortality and morbidity associated with tobacco-related diseases, smoking surcease intercession is an of import component of an overall baccy control plan ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Disease Control Division ( 2003 ) , there are two classs of clinical intercession for individual that willing to discontinue smoke which are brief clinical intercession and intensive clinical intercession. The first one, which is brief intercession can be subdivided into pharmacological, non-pharmacological or combination of several agents ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For non-pharmacological intercession, it consists of five major stairss which are called the â€Å" 5A ‘s † which are ask, advice, buttocks, aid and arrange ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For pharmacological intercession, it consists of several agents that have been proved to be effectual and have been suggested as first line agents for pharmacotherapy including nicotine replacing therapy ( NRT ) such as nicotine gum, nicotine spot and nicotine inhalator and besides sustained release ( SR ) bupropion ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In intensive clinical intercessions, the continuance of single intervention Sessionss and the sum of intervention Sessionss are increasing and there are specialised behavioral therapies ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . The behavioral therapy can be categorized into practical guidance such as stress direction, intra-treatment and extra-treatment societal support ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . It is said that this type of intercession is more efficient than brief intercession ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For kids and striplings, it is shown that reding and behavioral therapies are more effectual and recommended for them ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Whereas, for grownups ages 50 and older, reding intercessions, physician advice, telephone guidance and the nicotine spot are shown to be effectual ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Many tobacco users are sing a trouble in discontinuing smoke due to the presence of nicotine backdown symptoms following disconnected surcease of baccy usage ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Nicotine replacing medicines including nicotine spot, inhalator, lozenges, gum, and nasal spray have been shown to relieve backdown symptoms during first phases of smoking surcease and they improves discontinuing rates in clinical tests ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . The short-run use of nicotine that contained in the nicotine replacing therapy presents really little hazards compared with possible jeopardies of continued smoke, even in individuals with bosom disease ( Mooney, Leventhal & A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . Therefore, tobacco users should non worry to utilize the nicotine replacing therapy to discontinue smoke. However, for pregnant adult females, the usage of nicotine replacing medicines to help them in quit smoke has non been sufficiently studied ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Therefore, nonpharmacologic interventions are more recommended for them in quit smoke ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) .2.5.1 Mechanism of Action of Nicotine Replacement MerchandisesBasically, nicotine is a naturally-occuring alkaloid that exhibits their major effects through stimulation of ganglia ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . It is a powerful stimulation of ganglionic and cardinal nervous system through nicotine-specific receptors ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Biphasic actions are observed d epend on the dosage of nicotine administered ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . In little doses of nicotine, the primary consequence of nicotine is stimulation of all autonomic ganglia, whereas, in larger doses of nicotine, initial stimulation is followed by transmittal encirclement ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Biphasic effects are besides proved in the adrenal myelin, in which in little doses, it may do a catecholamines release, and oppositely in big doses, it may suppress the release of catecholamines as a response to splanchnic nervus stimulation ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Central nervous system stimulation is illustrated by shudders and respiratory excitement, but in larger doses, paroxysms and respiratory failure may happen which are secondary to cardinal palsy and peripheral encirclement to respiratory musculuss ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Nicotine Replacement Products enhances success for smoking surcease by diminishing the physical backdown symptoms related with smoking surcease while the tobacco users focuses on seting their behaviour and managing with the psychological facet of discontinuing ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Furthermore, because the oncoming of action for this medicines is non every bit fast as that of nicotine contained in coffin nail, smokers become less accustomed to the blink of an eye and reenforcing effects of inhaled baccy ( Corelli & A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) .2.6 People ‘s cognition on smoking wellness hazardsHarmonizing to Disease Control Division ( 2003 ) , one of the grounds for a individual unwilling to do a quit effort is because of information missing sing the harmful effects of baccy. Whereas, the comparative deficiency of attempt to better Tell and educate tobacco users sing the merchandises that they use is partially the consequence of common premise that tobacco users are already b etter informed about the smoke wellness hazard ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . It does non intend that people are adequately informed about smoke in manner that may impact their smoke behaviour if they merely have general consciousness of smoking wellness hazard ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . Even though sweetening in perceptual experience of hazard are non invariably adequate to diminish smoking on their ain, betterment in wellness cognition are greatly related with decreases in smoking induction, sweetening in discontinuing behaviour and long-run abstention from smoking ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) . However, harmonizing to Poureslami ( 2003 ) , being knowing about smoking ‘s bad consequence on wellness is deficient to advance behavior alterations. His survey shown that belief and alteration in attitude are needed to optimise behaviour and to promote healthy life style ( Poureslami, 2003 ) . In the survey of Wang & A ; Annette ( as cited in Jilan et al. , 2010 ) , they conducted a survey among industrial workers in Shanghai and revealed that merely 53 per centum of tobacco users and 76 per centum of non-smokers were recognize that smoke can be harmful to wellness, and merely 51 per centum of tobacco users reported that smoke can take to lung malignant neoplastic disease. In the survey of Taylor et Al. ( as cited in Lim et al. , 2009 ) , they found that tobacco users particularly heavy tobacco users have a positive attitude toward smoking when compared to formers and non tobacco users. In a survey conducted by Lim et Al. ( 2009 ) , they had conducted a survey to happen out the degree of cognition and to understand respondents ‘ attitude towards smoke and besides to happen out how sociodemographic background, smoking position and smoke wellness hazard can impact respondents ‘ attitudes toward smoking. From their survey, they found that cognition and attitude differ based on position of smoke and tobacco users possess a low degree of cognition and they have more positive attitudes compared with non-smokers ( Lim et al. , 2009 ) . Besides that, they were besides found that degree of instruction was greatly associated with cognition and attitude tonss ( Lim et al. , 2009 ) . The most surprising informations found was female respondents whose cognition ‘s degree on jeopardies of smoke is low ; nevertheless, they show more negative attitudes towards smoking in comparing with males respondents ( Lim et al. , 2009 ) . In the survey conducted by Cummings et Al. ( 2004 ) , they were evaluated on the tobacco users ‘ belief on smoking wellness hazard and the advantages of smoke filtered and low-tar coffin nails, and besides tobacco user ‘s consciousness and involvement in seeking alleged reduced hazard baccy merchandises and nicotine medicines. They stated that when they asked the respondent whether they consider themselves to be better informed sing the smoke wellness hazard, 94 per centum of them answered it confidently ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . However, from the cognition indices in which each respondent was assessed their degree of cognition by giving a mark for the right responses, 39 per centum of them either answered falsely or responded â€Å" make non cognize † to the inquiries sing smoking wellness hazard ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . These consequence shows that some of the respondents think they are better informed but really, there is much information that they did no n cognize sing the smoke wellness hazard. Besides that, the writers besides found that tobacco users who believed they will discontinue smoke in the following twelvemonth were more knowing about smoke, whereas tobacco users who believed that they will discontinue smoke before sing serious wellness jobs were less knowing about smoke ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . In the survey conducted by Jilan et Al. ( 2010 ) , in which the writers where assessed fluctuations between the wellness cognition of current, former and ne'er tobacco users on smoke and the consequence of wellness cognition consciousness on tobacco users ‘ purpose to halt smoke, they found that current tobacco users in China were less likely to admit the wellness consequence of smoke compared to former and non tobacco users. They besides found that current tobacco users who had consciousness of wellness consequence of smoking were more prone to hold purpose to halt smoke ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) .2.7 People ‘s cognition of smoking surcease aidsSome of the tobacco users have a uncertainty sing the effectivity of nicotine replacing therapy and they believe that discontinuing on their ain, without aids such as guidance and medicine, is every bit or much more effectual than assisted surcease ( Mooney, Leventhal & A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . They have misinformation and deficiency of information sing the smoke surcease assistances particularly approximately nicotine replacing therapy. Besides that, some of tobacco users have misperception that nicotine is a primary cause of tobacco-related wellness job ( Mooney, Leventhal & A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . Therefore, this lead to a uncertainty among tobacco users to utilize nicotine replacing therapy to assist them in smoking surcease. Harmonizing to Bansal et Al. ( 2004 ) , they besides stated that misperceptions on the nicotine ‘s wellness hazard and safety and effectivity of nicotine replacing therapy may do some tobacco users afraid and concerns to sing the usage of these medicines to help them in smoking surcease. Harmonizing to Bansal et Al. ( 2004 ) , in order to increase cognition sing on safety and efficaciousness of nicotine medicines, loath tobacco users should be offered a opportunity to seek nicotine medicines on a test footing, in which finally enhance usage of these medicines for smoking surcease. Unfortunately, the writers stated that cognition of nicotine wellness hazard and how the medicines work, even among those who had antecedently used nicotine medicines, was still deficient ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the survey by Cummings et Al. ( 2004 ) , 56 per centum of respondents either answered falsely or responded â€Å" make non cognize † sing the cognition on nicotine medicines. The writers besides revealed that a individual with past experience of utilizing nicotine medicines prone to be more knowing sing the safety and efficaciousness of these merchandises ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the survey by Mooney, Leventhal & A ; Hatsukami ( 2006 ) , tobacco users with more terrible dependance which perceived larger demand for intervention of smoking surcease yet had lower accurate cognition sing the disease-causing function of nicotine. The survey besides found that participants who had stop smoke antecedently for a longer continuance of clip had a more favourable position of smoking surcease intervention and nicotine replacing therapy ( Mooney, Leventhal & A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . In the survey of Etter & A ; Perneger ( as cited in Bansal et al. , 2004 ) , a survey on about 500 tobacco users and former tobacco users was conducted in order to place their attitudes toward the usage of nicotine medicines. From this survey, they found that many tobacco users were worried to utilize nicotine medicines due to safety concern ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . From this survey, merely 16 per centum of them were agreed that nicotine medicines assist people in smoking surcease ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Besides that, the survey besides revealed that those who had antecedently used nicotine medicines and those most interested to discontinue smoke in the hereafter have the highest cognition on nicotine medicines ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) .Chapter 3Methodology3.1 IntroductionIn planing a cross sectional study on cognition of current tobacco users, former tobacco users and non tobacco users on smoking wellness hazards and smoking surcease, few sets of validated questionnaires had be en adopted, modified and being distributed to respondents in two selected locations which are UiTM in Puncak Alam and Shah Alam.3.2 InstrumentPartially of the questionnaires was adopted from validated questionnaire in a survey entitled Are tobacco users adequately informed about the wellness hazards of smoke and medicative nicotine by Cummings et Al. ( 2004 ) . Besides that a validated questionnaire was besides adapted from a survey entitled Smoking and Nurses in New Zealand. ASH-KAN Aotearoa: Appraisal of smoking history, cognition and attitudes of nurses in New Zealand by Wong et Al. ( 2007 ) and besides a validated questionnaire from a Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence by Heatherton et Al. ( 1991 ) . Some alterations had been done harmonizing to the suitableness of the subject, aim of the survey and smoke position. The questionnaire consists of four parts which cover demographic informations, smoke position, degree of nicotine dependance and cognition index. Knowledge index is divided into several countries which are smoking wellness hazards, content of coffin nail fume, safety of nicotine, low-tar and filter coffin nails, additives contained in coffin nails and nicotine medicines. The four chief subdivisions had been chosen to be included into the questionnaires in order to carry through the aims of the survey as stated earlier. Table 3.1 Description of each portion in the questionnairePartDescriptionADemographic informationsBacillusSmoking positionCDegree of nicotine dependanceCalciferolKnowledge index The respondents ‘ cognition on several countries will be measuring utilizing multiple pick inquiries or near complete inquiries. Mostly of the inquiries in the questionnaire will be done utilizing multiple pick inquiries or stopping point ended inquiry in order to do respondents easier to reply the inquiries in the questionnaire. In the cognition indices, respondents have to take merely one correct reply for each statement. In the portion B and C of the questionnaire, merely current tobacco users have to reply it whereas in the portion A and D, all respondents are required to carry through the reply.3.3 Sample of surveyA convenient sampling will be conducted where it involved any of the pupils in UiTM Shah Alam and Puncak Alam Campus. The sample size intended for this survey is about 600 samples where 300 samples are from Shah Alam Campus and another 300 samples from Puncak Alam Campus.3.4 StandardsFurther divided into following group:3.4.1 Inclusion standards1. Students who ar e a current tobacco users. 2. Students who are a former or an ex- tobacco users. 3. Students who are make non smoke at all or none tobacco users.3.4.2 Exclusion standards1. Students who have household members or friends who are working in a nicotine replacing drug companies or baccy companies.3.5 Data CollectionData will be collected from two selected UiTM campuses which are UiTM Shah Alam at Shah Alam, Selangor and UiTM Puncak Alam at Kuala Selangor, Selangor. The questionnaires will be distributed every bit in both campuses. All the respondents will be asked to finish the questionnaire and engagement will be voluntary. All respondents will be given a sufficient clip to reply every inquiry in the questionnaire. A pilot survey among friends will be done prior to questionnaire distribution.3.6 Data processing and statistical analysisIn the portion C of the questionnaire, the degree of current tobacco users ‘ dependence to nicotine will be define by hiting the responses given to each inquiry based on the marking that had been assigned in the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. In the portion D of the questionnaire, the cognition index for a each capable country will be define by hiting the responses given to ea ch statement on that topic as either correct or incorrect or make non cognize and so ciphering the amount of right responses for all inquiries assigned to the index. Descriptive statistics, for cases such as simple per centum and agencies, will be used to mensurate the cognition of respondents on smoking wellness hazards and smoking surcease aids available in Malaysia. The independent t-test and analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be executing to find the difference in cognition tonss between different groups. A additive arrested development analyses will be utilizing to find the relationship among demographic, smoking position and degree of dependence with the different cognition indices. All statistical trials will be done utilizing SPSS package version 17.0. Microsoft Office that will be used is Microsoft Excel.